Sources of Sectoral Growth in an Economy Wide Context: The Case of U.S. Agriculture

Growth in U.S. agriculture is linked to the non-farm economy through domestic terms of trade and factor market adjustments. With almost stable input growth, the relatively large contributions from growth in Total Factor Productivity (TFP) are passed on to intermediate and final consumers in the form of declining real prices for primary farm products. The resulting net growth in the real value of farm output (GDP) is relatively low (0.25% per annum). The decomposition of TFP suggests that public agricultural stock of knowledge and infrastructure are robustly associated with TFP growth, while spill-overs from private agricultural and economy wide research and development (R and D) are positive but, relatively small.     

Childhood investments and skill formation

The skills needed to ensure good life chances are rising (and changing) and, despite decades of education reforms, there has been little progress in terms of equalizing opportunities. The impact of social origins on child outcomes persists, and may even strengthen. This suggests that the pursuit of more equality and future productivity come together. A major challenge is to minimize the dispersion of skills. The foundations of policy lie in the realization that learning abilities are formed during the first years of childhood. The pursuit of an optimal human capital policy needs to consider three issues: (1) the uneven capacity of parents to invest in children; (2) the impact of mothers’ employment on child outcomes; and, (3) the potential benefits of early pre-school programmes.     

家族企业代际传承研究视角综述

家族企业是世界范围内普遍存在的企业组织形式,并且在世界各国的经济中都占据了举足轻重的地位,家族企业的健康发展也是世界经济平稳发展的关键。我国改革开放以来,家族企业经过三十多年的发展,取得了令人瞩目的成就。然而,在我国的家族企业取得辉煌成就的同时,家族企业的创立者不可避免的步入了人生的老年阶段,家族企业的代际传承迫在眉睫。而家族企业的代际传承,又是家族企业能否持续发展的关键要素之一,因此,家族企业的代际传承的研究开始不断受到实践和理论界的关注,成为研究家族企业的热点问题之一。本文通过对目前家族企业代际传承的研究视角进行整理和汇总,借鉴前人的研究方法和思路,对我国的家族企业的代际传承研究提供有利的理论依据和研究基础。     

What are the Trade Spill-Overs from Fiscal Shocks in Europe? An Empirical Analysis***

We use a Vector Auto Regression (VAR) analysis to explore the (trade spill-over) effects of fiscal policy shocks in Europe. To enhance comparability with the existing literature, we first analyse the effects of these shocks at the national level. Here, we employ identification based on Choleski decomposition and a structural VAR, both of which lead to the same results. Then, we turn to study the cross-border spill-overs of fiscal shocks via the trade channel. Fiscal expansions in Germany, France and Italy lead to significant increases in imports from a number of European countries. In order to mimic the case of monetary union, we also shut off the effects via the short-term interest rate and the nominal exchange rate and find a slight strengthening on average of the cross-country spill-overs from a fiscal expansion. These results suggest that it may be worthwhile to further investigate the possibility of enhanced fiscal coordination.*** This research is part of the RTN project ‘Macroeconomic Policy Design for Monetary Unions’, funded by the European Commission (contract number HPRN-CT-2002-00237). We thank two anonymous referees, a referee for the ECB Working Paper series, Peter Claeys, David-Jan Jansen, Franc Klaassen, Roberto Perotti and audiences at the Dutch Central Bank and the CEPR/CREI Conference ‘Designing a Macroeconomic Policy Framework for Europe’ (Barcelona, 2004) for many helpful comments. A large part of this paper was written while Beetsma was visiting the Directorate-General for Research of the ECB. He thanks the ECB for the stimulating research environment. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not commit any of.cial institution. The usual disclaimer applies.     

隔代教育的现状调查及其对策

随着老龄化社会的加速,隔代教育已成为我国一种客观存在的家庭教育方式。由于祖辈一代在生理和心理上都带有老年人的特点,老年人的价值观念、生活方式、知识结构、教育方式等与现代社会的要求多少有点距离,以至于隔代教育在今天显现出了各种各样的问题。文章通过问卷调查的方式,对祖辈的教育背景、教育观念、教育内容、教育方式和教育期望等方面进行了调查,在分析的基础上,指出了隔代教育中存在的主要问题,探讨了促使隔代教育扬长避短的几点对策。     

Using connectivity for measuring equity in transit provision

This study proposes the assessment of equity in transit provision by using transit connectivity as a comprehensive impedance measure. Transit connectivity considers in-vehicle time, access/egress times, waiting time, service reliability, frequency, and ‘seamless’ transfers along multi-modal paths. In addition, transit connectivity weighs the impedance components according to their relative importance to travelers. The assessment of equity was performed for the multi-modal transit system in the Greater Copenhagen Area, renowned for its transit-oriented finger-plan. The assessment method used a GIS representation of the network (i.e., service lines, timetables, metro stations, train stations, and bus stops), and transit assignment results (i.e., level-of-service times, passenger flows). The assessment method proved effective in calculating location-based and potential-accessibility measures and Gini coefficients of inequality in the Greater Copenhagen Area. Results show that the transit-oriented development contributes to spatial equity with high connectivity in densely populated zones, vertical equity with comparable connectivity in high income and low income zones, inter-generational equity with good connectivity provision for students to higher-education and job opportunities. Also, results show that the north-west ‘finger’ is less equitable with lower connectivity for low population density and lower connectivity to higher-education opportunities regardless of the high number of students.     

基于经济区视角下的区域金融发展与经济增长关系的实证研究——以京津冀经济区为例

本文从跨行政区的经济区的视角来研究区域金融发展与经济增长之间的关系,采用协整检验和因果关系检验对以京津冀经济区进行实证研究。检验结果显示:在京津冀经济区金融规模与金融效率对经济增长存在正相关性,但是,两者对经济增长的促进作用并不显著。金融规模与经济增长之间不具有因果关系,而经济增长与金融效率之间存在显著的单向因果关系。说明京津冀经济区的经济增长与金融深化发展遵循的是需求引致型发展模式。     

我国税收公平目标的再思考及其制度选择

本文对税收公平的内涵作了一种扩张性解释,认为税收公平应包含三个层次的内容,即税收的本质公平、税收的代内公平和税收的代际公平,亦称之为"三层次"税收公平观。为实现税收本质公平,相应的制度选择应是优化政府,保证政府征税权不被滥用,同时重视纳税人权利,构建完善的纳税人权利保护体系;为实现税收代内公平,应做出的制度选择有:努力实现税收的经济公平与社会公平;为实现税收的代际公平,必须构建完善的绿色税收体系并开征遗产税。     

“两型社会”试验区地方债务管理问题研究

"两型社会"试验区地方政府债务规模不断扩大,地方政府债务的特点多样,存在的问题不容忽视。地方政府应该注重资源整合,谨慎举债、建立地方政府偿债机制、完善相关法律法规,规范政府举债行为以化解地方政府债务风险。     

非上市中小企业融资约束问题研究——基于修正的FHP模型的分析

在FHP模型的基础上,结合我国非上市中小企业的特性,对FHP模型的变量进行修正,建立了适于我国非上市中小企业融资约束的识别与估计的分析框架。以产能利用率为控制变量,超额现金流为解释变量,对非上市中小企业融资约束进行度量,其实证结果是显著的。