Ricardo on machinery: an analysis of Ricardo's examples

The examples that are reported in the famous chapter “On Machinery” added by Ricardo in the third edition of his Principles are reconstructed and analyzed. Two sets of assumptions that rationalize the examples presented by Ricardo are identified: a) the innovation concerns an agricultural commodity and does affect neither which land is marginal nor the technology applied on the marginal land; b) the innovation concerns a non-basic commodity. Ricardo was aware of these two facts and he seems to have used them respectively in the first and second of his examples.     

马克思与李嘉图的地租理论比较研究

马克思的地租理论是在批判、继承、发展李嘉图地租理论基础上形成的，两者在地租理论方面有相同之处更有不同之处。李嘉图地租理论是建立在劳动价值论的基础上的，马克思对其给予了高度的评价，但也批判了李嘉图地租理论中的许多错误之处，并阐述了李嘉图错误的原因，在批判的同时继承、发展了他的地租理论，使地租理论成为一个科学和完善的理论。     

Labour employed in production and labour commanded: a Ricardian conjecture

This paper explains the origin of some important ambiguitiesin the analysis of value and prices put forward by Smith inhis Wealth of Nations by considering the possibility that theyreflect a previous draft of the book where the quantity of labouremployed in production was indicated as the sole determinantof real price and exchange ratios. This conjecture is evidencedindirectly by the way in which Smith presented his own analysisat the end of Book I, Chapter IV; by some passages containedin Book I and Book II which suggest that the quantity of labouremployed in production should play a crucial role within theanalysis of exchangeable value; and by the important modificationsintroduced by Smith in Book I, Chapter VI, after the first editionof the Wealth of Nations was published.     

李嘉图模型与新兴古典贸易模型的比较

在杨小凯消费者—生产者模型研究的基础上,构建了考虑比较优势的新兴古典贸易模型,通过引进劳动生产率参数,得出了两国之间进行国际贸易的基本条件,证明了这一条件不仅与比较优势有关,还与两国固有的国际交易费用有关,从而证实了李嘉图比较优势理论存在的缺陷以及国家或地区之间进行自由贸易的必要性。     

The pros and cons of globalization

Analysis suggests that future freer globalized trade will (1) likely benefit both rich and poor regions, (2) probably give measured percentage gains to poor places that exceed those to rich places, (3) possible exacerbate real income inequality between rich and poor, and more certainly (4) bring more lifetime uncertainty along with enlarged material gains. A backlash to freer trade, economic history suggests, will lead to weaker productivity advance, enhanced degree of monopoly, and to aggravated crony-capitalism and plutocratic lobbyist democracy.     

The corn model, gluts and surplus value

The controversy over Ricardo's corn model has focused on theinterpretation of his early writings. Here, Ricardo's lateruse of a corn model example in his dispute with Malthus overgluts is discussed. Malthus's own use of a corn model tablein attempting to justify his use of a labour commanded measureof value is analysed; it is shown that he calculates what Marxwas to describe as surplus value from the physical conditionsof production and the real wage.     

李嘉图国际贸易理论的新兴古典分析--交易效率、偏好对国际贸易的影响

李嘉图的比较成本理论作为国际贸易理论不可动摇的基础,具有重要的理论价值。而新兴古典贸易理论的发展,为解释国内贸易和国际贸易提供了一个统一的理论框架。其核心在于该理论独特的分析工具:超边际分析方法。采用新兴古典经济学的超边际分析方法,引入交易效率和偏好,对李嘉图的国际贸易理论进行新的分析,可以得出很多有价值的结论。本文通过建立同时存在李嘉图外生比较技术差异和交易成本的新兴古典模型,探讨了交易效率和偏好对国际贸易的影响。为贸易政策的制定提供了理论依据。一国在制定对外贸易政策时,应从改变交易效率、偏好结构的角度出发,制定有利于本国的贸易政策,从而改善其外贸条件,进一步促进其国际贸易的发展。     

我国的财政赤字与李嘉图等价:1981-2010

李嘉图等价定理认为,在一定的条件下政府财政赤字通过债务发行还是增加税收来融资是无关紧要的,政府支出与总需求无关。这是因为理性的经济主体会意识到当前的赤字就是将来的税收负担。文章根据我国1981-2010年的时间序列数据,利用协整分析方法和向量误差修正模型,对李嘉图等价的有效性进行了检验。实证结果表明:无论长期还是短期李嘉图等价定理在我国并不成立,财政支出对居民消费具有促进作用,逆周期的积极的财政政策是有效的。这很可能是由于李嘉图等价定理的前提条件在我国尚不存在。但实证结果也显示,居民可支配收入对居民消费的影响远远大于财政赤字和国债发行。因此通过减税等政策措施增加居民可支配收入应当成为财政政策的重点。     

Keynes and Sraffa's 'Difficulties with J. H. Hollander'

The paper reports on Jacob H. Hollander's cooperation with John Maynard Keynes and Piero Sraffa in the preparation of the latter's edition of The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo. The report is based on archive material from various sources, including the unpublished papers of Edwin Cannan, Piero Sraffa, Jacob H. Hollander, John Maynard Keynes, and Jacob Viner, and the archive of the Royal Economic Society. The archive material consulted by us shows that, put mildly, Jacob H. Hollander did not promote Sraffa's editorial project: he held back material which he had received from Frank Ricardo and did not disclose to Sraffa that he owned several important letters which he had privately purchased. Moreover, Sraffa was refused access to Ricardiana even after he had traced them down in laborious detective work to be in Hollander's possession. Hollander's unwillingness to cooperate with Sraffa considerably delayed the publication of the Ricardo edition.     

比较优势理论研究新进展

随着国际经济实践的发展,比较优势理论在放松传统假设条件的基础上不断拓展,从多个角度体现出新的活力,呈现出越来越强的包容性和综合性。本文系统梳理了比较优势理论研究的最新进展,从传统理论拓展和新比较优势源泉的角度评介了新近研究对贸易动因、贸易模式和贸易福利效应的理论和实证分析结果。发现在国际贸易理论发展进程中,比较优势理论的基础地位并未动摇,新的理论研究遵循了传统比较优势理论的基本逻辑,对传统理论分析构成了有机补充,为不断更新的国际经济实践提供了新的合理化解释。