Natural resource accounting for Indian states — Illustrating the case of forest resources

Our main objective is to set out and apply a SEEA-based methodology to reflect the true value of forest resources in India's national and state accounts. We establish that a “top-down” approach using available national databases is both feasible and desirable from a policy perspective. In this paper, we address four components of value creation in forests: timber production, carbon storage, fuelwood usage, and the harvesting of non-timber forest products. The results of our analysis suggest that prevailing measures of national income in India underestimate the contribution of forests to income. The income accounts of the Northeastern states in particular are significantly understated by these traditional (GDP/GSDP) measures. We are also able to identify some states which performed poorly in the context of our sustainability framework, reflecting natural capital losses due to degradation and deforestation. Our results highlight the need to integrate natural resource accounting into the national accounting framework in order to generate appropriate signals for sustainable forest management and for the conservation of forest resources which are widely used by the poor in India, as well as being significant stores of national wealth.     

绿色GDP核算的国际实践与启示

由于编制体系的缺陷,传统的GDP指标不能够如实、全面地反映人类社会经济活动对自然资源和环境品质的负面影响。为了弥补传统GDP的缺陷,绿色GDP概念便应运而生。本文首先介绍了绿色GDP核算的SEEA体系和主要方法,然后介绍了日本、韩国、瑞典、菲律宾等先进国家在绿色GDP核算方面所取得的主要进展,并对我国的绿色GDP核算工作提出若干可行性建议。     

我国绿色国民经济核算体系的框架及其评价

开展绿色国民经济核算是目前国际社会研究的热点问题,我国也启动了相关理论研究与实践探索.结合我国绿色国民经济核算的研究进展及其核算体系框架,分析了核算体系所存在的问题,并重点分析了其与联合国等国际组织SEEA2003的差异,指出了我国绿色国民经济核算体系发展的思路与方向.     

ENRAP与SEEA体系中环境服务核算的比较分析

ENRAP和SEEA都设法扩展传统国民经济核算的范围,以更好地反映经济和自然环境的交互影响.ENRAP明确把自然环境作为一个生产性经济部门,采用大量虚拟技术测算环境服务的价值;SEEA采用SNA的生产部门定义与核算准则,但忽略了对许多有价值的自然环境服务的核算.这两大核算体系在环境服务核算的内容、核算方法和核算的结果等方面存在差异.     

绿色国民核算体系的演化与发展

绿色国民核算体系是建立在早期的经济福利测度、可持续发展福利指数、真实发展指数和真实储蓄的基础之上,在联合国的主持下,最终演化为综合环境经济核算体系（SEEA）。从SEEA1993,经SEEA2000,逐步发展到SEEA2003。虽然SEEA的核心指标绿色GDP颇受争议,但我们依然可以认为,它是绿色国民核算体系研究中最为活跃的领域。     

Development of the SEEA 2003 and its implementation

The preparation of the System of Environmental and Economic Accounts 2003 marks an important milestone in the world of official statistics. Just as the development of the original guidelines for national accounting in the 1950s was the first step toward today's robust, internationally comparable economic statistics, the System of Environmental and Economic Accounts 2003 offers hope to bring order and comparability to environmental statistics. How the system came to be and why it is an important achievement are outlined. This is followed by an overview of its accounting structure. A discussion of the implementation of the SEEA 2003, both in ideal terms and as actually practiced in statistical offices, concludes.     

Quo Vadis MRIO? Methodological, data and institutional requirements for multi-region input-output analysis

In order to understand wider sustainability impacts of consumption and to successfully promote and implement sustainable consumption and production policies, there is a need to capture the whole life-cycle impact of products and services across international supply chains. Multi-region input-output (MRIO) databases are a well described and suitable foundation for global sustainability analyses addressing a wide range of policy and research questions. In this paper we reflect on the reasons for the recent boom in MRIO compilation, summarise the current state of development and discuss future options for MRIO analysis. We list in detail the requirements for efficient and effective MRIO research and propose systemic and institutional changes. We deliberately try to go beyond existing ambitions for MRIO compilation and thus intend to stimulate discussion and to lay out the options for the future of MRIO research.     

PFA中残余物项的剖析

环境经济综合核算体系的实物流量账户是一个远未成熟的核算系统,通过对影响实物流量账户(PFA)的因素分析,我们发现,现有的账户还不尽完善,需要做进一步补充。为此,本着SEEA核算科学性和可操作性原则,在原有的PFA框架内,本文做了一些有益的补充,以期望对PFA起到一个推进的作用。     

自然资源估价理论与方法研究——基于宏观环境会计的视角

自然资源估价是宏观环境核算的核心问题之一，对于自然资源估价要区分存量与流量分别进行。通过对自然资源存量估价理论与方法进行分析，并深入探讨自然资源耗减的估价方法及其应用问题，可以为宏观环境会计实践提供创新性的思路与方法。     

Bioeconomic modelling – An application of environmentally adjusted economic accounts and the computable general equilibrium model

Building on the current international discourse and United Nation's System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) this study provides further empirical evidences on how failure to include natural capital resources in national accounting leads to erroneous calculation of macroeconomic estimates. The SEEA methodological framework for integrating natural capital into the System of National Accounts amplifies analytical power of computable general equilibrium (CGE) models and allows to investigate relationship between the economy and the environment. This paper integrates values of natural capital into Supply and Use Tables (SUTs) to illustrate depletion of forest due to natural disaster. It further applies CGE model to demonstrate economy-wide effects of a real event in which hurricane felled almost 80 thousands hectares of trees in Polish forests in 2017. The model results corresponds with the statistical data published after the mentioned event. Furthermore they align with findings of previous studies, which applied different methodical approach and show that without natural capital accounting the macroeconomic estimates provide misleading information about economic performance.