Foods produced using biotechnology: how does the law protect consumers?

This paper addresses the following subjects: biotechnology and consumers, concern about risks, consumer acceptance, labelling of foods produced using biotechnology, the legal approach to consumer protection, and consumer protection policies relating to biotechnology products in the European Union, the United States, Turkey and global institutions such as the Convention for Biological Diversity (CBD) and the World Trade Organisation (WTO). It is likely that biotechnology will gain ground much more rapidly in the twenty‐first century than in the past. Despite rapid, detailed and precise advances in gene technology, its applications have not been the received with a great deal of consumer enthusiasm. Consumers have approached genetically modified foods with considerable apprehension and opposition. Consumer concerns about bioengineered food products focus on the questions of human health, environmental and social risks and benefits. The most important stages in the process of marketing new foods produced using biotechnology are to demonstrate user need and consumer acceptance. Generally, the technical complexity of biotechnology makes it difficult for consumers to understand details of the product and the specific attributes of biotechnology applications. Scientific uncertainty, the nature of consumer concerns and general reluctance to accept biotechnology products, increase the importance of consumer protection. Legal protection is a very important factor in the solution of new social problems related to technological advances. More specifically, consumer and environmental law support consumer protection related to foods produced with biotechnology. The basic principles of consumer law can be re‐formulated as consumer rights. Environmental law is a new phenomenon, but precautionary principles and public participation in decision‐making for environmental law are relevant to consumer protection relating to bioengineered food products.     

Natural resource accounting for Indian states — Illustrating the case of forest resources

Our main objective is to set out and apply a SEEA-based methodology to reflect the true value of forest resources in India's national and state accounts. We establish that a “top-down” approach using available national databases is both feasible and desirable from a policy perspective. In this paper, we address four components of value creation in forests: timber production, carbon storage, fuelwood usage, and the harvesting of non-timber forest products. The results of our analysis suggest that prevailing measures of national income in India underestimate the contribution of forests to income. The income accounts of the Northeastern states in particular are significantly understated by these traditional (GDP/GSDP) measures. We are also able to identify some states which performed poorly in the context of our sustainability framework, reflecting natural capital losses due to degradation and deforestation. Our results highlight the need to integrate natural resource accounting into the national accounting framework in order to generate appropriate signals for sustainable forest management and for the conservation of forest resources which are widely used by the poor in India, as well as being significant stores of national wealth.     

绿色GDP核算的国际实践与启示

由于编制体系的缺陷,传统的GDP指标不能够如实、全面地反映人类社会经济活动对自然资源和环境品质的负面影响。为了弥补传统GDP的缺陷,绿色GDP概念便应运而生。本文首先介绍了绿色GDP核算的SEEA体系和主要方法,然后介绍了日本、韩国、瑞典、菲律宾等先进国家在绿色GDP核算方面所取得的主要进展,并对我国的绿色GDP核算工作提出若干可行性建议。     

Windows 2003网络功能探析

WindowsServer 2003操作系统是高效的基础架构平台，它为连接应用、网络和从工作组到数据中心的网络服务提供动力。文章将根据目前WindowsServer 2003的网络功能的技术与服务，从Windows Server 2003网络功能的多功能性、灵活管理性、卓越的可信性，深入分析其主要功能，并对此做出详细说明。     

我国绿色国民经济核算体系的框架及其评价

开展绿色国民经济核算是目前国际社会研究的热点问题,我国也启动了相关理论研究与实践探索.结合我国绿色国民经济核算的研究进展及其核算体系框架,分析了核算体系所存在的问题,并重点分析了其与联合国等国际组织SEEA2003的差异,指出了我国绿色国民经济核算体系发展的思路与方向.     

关于计算机技术在运输问题中应用的探讨

本文针对当前零存货管理模式下的以销定产经营方式,结合物流发达的情况,探讨了利用计算机技术解决实际中的运输问题的方法.     

在Windows server2003环境下谈DHCP服务器的配置

对于当前最常用的网络操作系统Windows server2003来说，如何配置和使用DHCP服务器是在使用此操作系统时经常会讨论的问题。在企业网络中，网管员的重要工作之一就是如何有效的管理局域网内部的IP地址。本文主要介绍了在windows server2003平台下，DHCP服务器的工作原理并说明如何配置DHCP服务器。     

Nutrient composition of selected fresh and processed fish species from lake Malawi: a nutritional possibility for people living with HIV/AIDS

Nutrition is important for both healthy and sick people. Unfortunately for sick people, especially those living with HIV/AIDS, the emphasis has mostly been on drugs at the expense of nutritional aspects. People living with HIV/AIDS and related diseases need a lot of protein and energy‐rich foods together with vitamins and minerals. Fish are particularly rich in these nutrients. In Malawi, fish are harvested in large numbers and to avoid deterioration, some are smoked, sun dried or partially boiled and then sun dried. Since the nutrient contents of the fresh and processed fish may differ, a study was carried out on four different fresh and processed fish species (Copadichromis inornatus, Rhamphochromis ferox, Engraulicypris sardella and Oreochromis lidole) in order to determine which species was the more nutritive. The results showed that E. sardella and C. inornatus species, fresh or processed, had relatively higher (P < 0.001) protein content (58.22 ± 0.6% and 57.78 ± 0.7% respectively), fat (25.2 ± 1.2 and 22.08 ± 0.4% respectively), energy (24086.7 ± 151.7 J/g and 22204.9 ± 84.7 J/g respectively) than either R. ferox or O. lidole. Although the R. ferox species had lower protein, fat and energy than E. sardella or C. inornatus, this species had higher available lysine content. Calcium and magnesium contents of E. sardella and C. inornatus were however, slightly lower (P < 0.001) than those of the other two species. There were variations between and within the species for all parameters analysed. The results obtained in this work suggest that people living with HIV/AIDS in Malawi can best build their muscle and get more energy and minerals from the E. sardella and C. inornatus fish species. It would therefore be recommended that appropriate technologies for improving the availability and productivity of such fish should be developed and tested for people living with HIV/AIDS or affected households. However, it is suggested that a larger group of the commonly available fish species should be analysed so as to offer a wider choice to consumers.     

EXCEL2003在农业生物统计中的应用研究

本文主要介绍运用EXCEL强大的功能对农业生物中的数据进行分析，从而能够快速得出分析结果，减少了手工计算的误差。     

ENRAP与SEEA体系中环境服务核算的比较分析

ENRAP和SEEA都设法扩展传统国民经济核算的范围,以更好地反映经济和自然环境的交互影响.ENRAP明确把自然环境作为一个生产性经济部门,采用大量虚拟技术测算环境服务的价值;SEEA采用SNA的生产部门定义与核算准则,但忽略了对许多有价值的自然环境服务的核算.这两大核算体系在环境服务核算的内容、核算方法和核算的结果等方面存在差异.