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1.
Growing urbanisation in South Africa is reflected in burgeoning Working class and informal township settlements on the fringes of its major towns and cities. Paired with this is an increasing reliance on cash as the primary means of economic transaction, which has in turn stimulated the growth of micro-enterprise business activities within the township context. This article discusses the findings of an eight-township small-area census which occurred between 2010 and 2013 in Cape Town, Johannesburg, Ekurhuleni and Durban townships representing 250 000 residents. The researchers were able to establish the scope and scale of informal food and drink retailing in these localities. Of the 10 049 micro-enterprises located in the study, some 3966 (or 39% of the total) trade in food. These include enterprises in primary production, fresh produce retailing, grocery retailing from house and spaza shops, and informal foodservice enterprises. Food is the basis for much township informal business and plays an important role in making food increasingly affordable and locally accessible, and in creating cash employment. The article builds on the knowledge base of the township informal economy role in bolstering food security needs for the marginalised. 相似文献
2.
Feng Guo 《Review of Financial Economics》2019,37(2):297-321
Following the approach of interpolation, this paper proposes the multiple exponential decay model to fit yield curves for both the U.S. TIPS market and the conventional Treasury security market. Several estimation methods, including the unconstrained/constrained nonlinear minimization, quadratic programming, and the iterative linear least squares, are applied to estimate the unknown parameters according to different curve‐fitting purposes. Comparisons between the proposed model and the alternatives show that the multiple exponential decay successfully (1) adapts to a variety of shapes associated with yield curves, (2) (partially) keeps in line with the economic interpretations of Nelson–Siegel summarized by Diebold and Li ( 2006 ), and (3) dominates the competing models in curve‐fitting performance measured by mean fitted‐price errors over the sample period. In addition, the exact specification of a nonparametric interpolation model is pinned down by applying three statistical tools, which enable us to jointly take into account validity, optimality, and parsimoniousness of the proposed model. 相似文献
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Mobile channel additions have been shown to increase consumer-brand relationships, brand satisfaction towards and overall purchasing from a retailer, but what is less apparent is whether shareholders are fully rewarded for retailers’ mobile channel additions. Results from an event study on 115 announcements relating to mobile app additions of publicly traded U.S. retail firms between 2009 and 2016 indicate that the stock market responds generally positively to mobile app additions, but specifically to the two mobile app addition types. Stock market responses to search-related and purchase-related app additions are moderated by firm size, product category, and target customer age. For announcements of search-related apps, the market responds more positively to product retailers than to service retailers, and to small firms than large ones. For announcements of purchase-related apps, the market responds less positively to firms that target younger customers than firms who do not especially target them. 相似文献
4.
可食性小麦蛋白膜的研究 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
本文介绍了小麦蛋白及其成膜特性,总结了国内外可食性蛋白膜的研究现状,提出了可食性小麦蛋白膜的研究方案,并对膜的安全性及其应用作了展望。 相似文献
5.
随着网络技术的广泛应用,网络安全也越来越受到重视。本简述了网络安全问题的定义和TCP/IP协议的安全漏洞。同时,介绍了当前网络采用的安全技术。 相似文献
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我国建筑业目前正处于加入WTO后的3~5年的过渡期,国内建筑市场国际化的趋势使工程索赔问题必须与国际惯例接轨,从国际工程惯例出发,详细论述了银行保函的种类及其在业主反索赔过程中的重要作用,为业主提供了一种可以借鉴的工程项目管理方式。 相似文献
7.
我国外汇储备:安全性、成本风险及对策 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
王元龙 《河南金融管理干部学院学报》2005,23(5):25-31
我国外汇储备狭义上的安全性,即外汇储备资产本身的安全令人担忧。我国已经为高额的外汇储备付出巨大成本和承担了很高的风险,同时,高额外汇储备也对我国经济发展产生了一系列负面影响和风险。从这个意义上来看,我国外汇储备的现状已成为威胁金融安全的一个重要隐患。因此,我国外汇储备政策的调整已经刻不容缓。 相似文献
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本文从票据市场运作的现实情况揭示和对票据立法的价值取向分析两方面,来论证票据自身融资工具功能开拓的必要性和重要性。 相似文献