The emergence of home-based accommodations in Iran: A study of self-organization

This paper examines the Iranian home-based accommodation sector using the theory of self-organization. With the aim of identifying the sector's organizing principles, interviews were conducted with the accommodation operators, providing 117 statements which were linked based on their key ideas and/or words. Using UCINET6, a network diagram of five organizing principles were identified: collective identity, balanced legitimacy, local embeddedness, mindful market, and networked finance. While the combination of these organizing principles is interpreted within the Iranian context, broad assumptions can be inferred. It is speculated that a collective aiming to organize itself needs to be considerate of its interactions with members of the collective, the authoritative body, the local community, the market, and capital. Additionally, each separate organizing principle might have relevance for small businesses in various industries. The study contributes to the commercial home and home-based accommodation literature while also providing insights into tourism development in Iran. Furthermore, the method used to identify organizing principles is considered novel and can be used with other collectives.     

他组织视角的集群供应链网络治理研究

网络治理的好坏关系到一个组织的效率和效益,对于集群供应链来说,网络治理是集群效率提高、风险规避、结构优化及竞争力提升的重要途径。在集群供应链网络中既存在自身调节达到均衡的自组织治理也存在着特定他组织的治理。本文首先对集群供应链网络中的自组织和他组织的含义进行了界定,提出集群供应链网络治理是自组织治理和他组织治理构成的复杂网络的共治过程,进而从他组织视角研究集群供应链网络治理,分别从政府治理、行业协会治理和市场中介治理三个维度提出了各自的治理角色或途径。集群供应链网络的他组织治理的存在主要是为了配合及弥补企业群的自组织治理,帮助集群供应链网络发挥应有的经济效应、知识效应等集成效应,实现集群供应链网络的有序运行。     

Competition and coordination in experimental minority games

This work presents experimental results on a coordination game in which agents must repeatedly choose between two sides, and a positive fixed payoff is assigned only to agents who pick the minoritarian side. We conduct laboratory experiments in which stationary groups of five players play the game for 100 periods, and manipulate two treatment variables: the amount of information about other players’ past choices and the salience of information regarding the game history (i.e., the length of the string of past outcomes that players can see on the screen while choosing). Our main findings can be summarized as follows: aggregate efficiency in the game is in most cases significantly higher than the level corresponding to the symmetric mixed strategy Nash equilibrium. In addition, providing players with information about individual choices in the group does not improve aggregate efficiency with respect to when such information is absent. Displaying information about more rounds than just the previous one, on the other hand, seems to have a positive effect on aggregate efficiency. At the individual level, we find a stronger statistical relation between players’ current choices and their own past choices than between players’ choices and previous aggregate outcomes. In addition, the depth of the relation between present and past choices seems to be affected by the prompt availability of information about the game history. Finally, we detect evidence of a mutual co-adaptation between players’ choices over time that is partly responsible for the high level of efficiency observed.      

Elimination of systemic risk in financial networks by means of a systemic risk transaction tax

Financial markets are exposed to systemic risk (SR), the risk that a major fraction of the system ceases to function, and collapses. It has recently become possible to quantify SR in terms of underlying financial networks where nodes represent financial institutions, and links capture the size and maturity of assets (loans), liabilities and other obligations, such as derivatives. We demonstrate that it is possible to quantify the share of SR that individual liabilities within a financial network contribute to the overall SR. We use empirical data of nationwide interbank liabilities to show that the marginal contribution to overall SR of liabilities for a given size varies by a factor of a thousand. We propose a tax on individual transactions that is proportional to their marginal contribution to overall SR. If a transaction does not increase SR, it is tax-free. With an agent-based model (ABM) (CRISIS macro-financial model), we demonstrate that the proposed ‘Systemic Risk Tax’ (SRT) leads to a self-organized restructuring of financial networks that are practically free of SR. The SRT can be seen as an insurance for the public against costs arising from cascading failure. ABM predictions are shown to be in remarkable agreement with the empirical data and can be used to understand the relation of credit risk and SR.     

Self-Organization and the Role of Government: How and why does self-organization evolve in the shadow of hierarchy?

Self-organization is a concept that is often used to legitimize a government’s retreat from sectors in which it has traditionally played a vital role. In this article, we analyse how the emergence of new welfare services is mutually shaped by factors that stimulate self-organization among citizens and by meta-governing interventions by local governments. Self-organization seems to takes place in the shadow of a government hierarchy: either a fear-based one or a benevolent one. Boundary spanners play an important role in establishing these new arrangements, thereby making use of, and developing, trustworthy relationships between citizen groups and government.     

新形势下泛珠三角区域合作的战略思考

党的十八大以来,中央政府提出三大国家重大区域发展战略,这与已经建立的泛珠三角区域合作存在空间上的战略重合,重合区域由此面临着由国家战略带来的大量政策红利的巨大吸引,从而给泛珠三角区域合作内部的有效协调带来了前所未有的挑战。面对新的形势,泛珠三角区域应主动契合国家战略,创新体制机制,进一步强化自身已经形成的自组织优势,扩大对外开放整合国际资源,建立区域合作的长效机制,变挑战为机遇,这是泛珠三角区域合作取得进一步发展的关键所在。     

Rural decline or restructuring? Implications for sustainability transitions in rural China

With the increase in climate change and increasing social concerns about environmental deterioration, sustainability has become a hot topic in both natural and social research. Nowadays, sustainable cities are one of the focal points, while rural areas have been disregarded. In fact, rural areas have been suffering from environmental degradation for decades. Thus, sustainability transitions in both urban and rural areas should be given commensurate emphasis. In this paper, we provide an overview of rural evolution worldwide and attempt to explore alternative approaches for enhancing rural sustainability. As depicted in the literature, rural evolution is multifaceted. For a long time, depopulation and demographic aging have been like chronic diseases torturing rural areas. Although there were some bright spots of rural repopulation and economic restructuring, they were not mainstream of rural development. Based on the existing research, we established a conceptual framework and analyzed the rural evolution paradigm from a geographic perspective. We found that rural composition determined rural architecture, while rural architecture affected rural functioning. Changes in rural functioning formed the rural evolution trend. Since rural development was also influenced by external factors, both self-organization and governmental intervention were found to be alternative approaches to guiding rural transitions. We took the case study of Tengtou village to exemplify the sustainable pathways of a rural transition. The case study indicated that national policies were the fundamental impetus for rural transformation, while self-organization played a more important role. We hope that our study will shed new light on policy orientations and rural transitions.     

高等学校青年自组织的现状与对策——以南京市十所大学为例

青年自组织作为在大学生中自发形成的组织形式,是目前高校中不可忽视的一种力量,其兴起和发展,不仅有外在的社会环境因素,也有内在的心理因素。南京市高校青年自组织蓬勃发展,已成为高校第二课堂的重要组成部分,对满足大学生思想的多元化、需求的多样性具有积极的促进作用,与此同时,它也带来了一定的负面影响,给高校学生管理工作提出了新的课题。如何引导其健康有序发展,发挥其积极作用,高校需要从加强研究与分类指导、健全服务体系、拓展工作领域和引导核心人物等四个方面入手。     

我国多中心城市空间自组织过程分析——克鲁格曼模型借鉴与泉州地区城市演化例证

本文试图通过以下研究增强克鲁格曼模型的应用性 :( 1 )对克鲁格曼模型“假设”进行分析和重新解释 ;( 2 )引申“分隔模型” ,获得一个更有解释力的城市演化对偶涡流理念 ;( 3 )移植泰勃特理论 ,弥补克鲁格曼模型缺漏的区位固有因素影响分析。然后 ,用对克鲁格曼模型的新理解 ,来分析一个我国典型的多中心城市———泉州地区城市———的演化过程。在分析过程中又对克鲁格曼模型的自组织原理扩展改进 ,实证克鲁格曼模型的基本原理。     

物联网产业系统成长演化机制研究

物联网作为国家新兴主导产业,得到学界越来越多关注,但对于产业成长机制的研究多处于定性分析范围。本文通过揭示物联网产业发展演化规律,运用协同学自组织理论,将哈肯模型应用到沪深证券市场上物联网相关产业上市公司,建立产业系统演化方程,定量的论证了研究开发强度是物联网产业演化的序参量,得出了要将研发投入与劳动生产率的协同作为物联网产业快速发展关键的结论。