Bureaucratic integration and regional specialization in China

Fiscal decentralization introduced as part of China's economic reform since 1979 has unleashed strong incentives for China's local governments to pursue economic development, but the same incentives have also led to local protectionist policies inhibiting the process of regional specialization. This paper focuses on the constraints or freedom with which local governments can implement their protectionist policies. Using a panel data of 29 China's regions over the time period of 1985–1997, we find that China's political system of bureaucratic integration (specifically, concurrent appointment of local government officials in the central government) imposes constraints on the local governments from practicing protectionism. We also find that the effectiveness of local protectionist policies is limited by market competition, specifically, competition from foreign-invested firms operating in China and foreign imports. Our results on the role of local protectionism remain robust to controls for the regional variations in the size of the economy and the stage of economic development.     

我国环境领域技术处于怎样的水平

针对我国环境科技发展现状与重大需求，结合理论梳理，构建了技术评价理论解释模型。在此基础上，采取专家调查方式，重点与美国、日本、德国等主要发达国家进行对比，对环境领域9个子领域技术发展趋势、技术水平和发展阶段进行了评价。结果表明，我国环境领域与国际先进水平的差距正在逐渐缩小，虽有部分技术领先，但大部分还处于跟踪前沿状态，而且原创性技术较少、产业化程度较低，环境科技支撑国家生态文明建设和持续和谐发展任重而道远。     

The Economics of State Subsidies in Early Stage Financing

We analyze the effect of state subsidies on early stage investments. In a two‐period investment model with incomplete stage financing contracts, we describe optimal and second‐best investment levels. Optimality depends on external effects: given that private early stage financing generates positive external effects, the subsidies might be designed to use scarce state money most efficiently to mobilize private investment capital. However, a subsidy might also contribute to greater efficiency of the contractual relationship itself without regard to external effects. Refinancing subsidies can be optimal under both perspectives and are always optimal under last of the two approaches. The comparison of the main types of subsidies, i.e. refinancing subsidies, guarantees and direct investments, speaks against the use of guarantees. Finally, we show that our results do also hold if some investors (e.g. venture capitalists) have a superior screening capability.     

体育教师专业发展阶段的教学策略分析

根据体育教师专业发展过程中的“关注”阶段论，应用教师关注问卷和教学策略量表，对263名体育教师进行调查，说明不同专业发展阶段的体育教师的教学策略呈现不同特点。学生关注阶段的体育教师对课前、课中、课后教学策略均有显著的预测作用，自我关注阶段的体育教师对课中教学策略有显著的预测作用。     

技术创新主体的阶段性研究

技术创新主体可划分为核心主体和阶段主体。文章着重分析了核心主体与阶段主体应具备的素质和能力、核心主体与阶段主体的关系 ,以及二者的形成过程。     

Guides' handling of multiple roles in interactions with tourists: The prism of impression management

Tour guides undertake multiple roles and may face role conflicts when interacting with tourists. A framework of impression management based on dramaturgical theory provides an insight into the inner mechanisms behind how tour guides deal with multiple role dilemmas. This situation is examined in interactions between local Chinese tour guides and Chinese group tourists in a walking-tour-shopping context in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Through observations and interviews, we find that the interplay of a moving stage and guides' role-shifting between being a Chinese sibling, a local and a cultural interpreter delivers authoritative and reliable impressions to tourists, and thus conceal their conflicting role as a shopping broker. We further refine the inner mechanism, which contributes to existing literature on tour guides' multiple-role practices. Our research also enriches the explanatory power of Goffman's framework by explaining a complex situation with multiple role dilemmas amidst a moving working stage in interactive studies.     

诱惑侦查合法性的阶段化认定： 日本经验与中国路径

日本对诱惑侦查的合法性认定采取主客观混合的阶段化判断标准,分为启动阶段的合法性审查和实施阶段的正当性审查,具有清晰的阶段化特征和鲜明的实践指引功能。相较而言,我国在诱惑侦查合法性认定的问题上,既存在由法律规定的模糊性所导致的概念范围不明、法律性质不清等问题,也存在过度重视判断标准中静态要素的设置,忽视对诱惑侦查的行为阶段进行区分的倾向。解决问题的出路是,在概念界定上应明确诱惑侦查作为事前侦查、任意侦查的法律性质,并以指导案例的形式对诱惑侦查的行为方式、合法性判断要素进行解释说明;在司法认定上应在肯定主客观混合标准的同时,对判断标准中的主观要素和客观要素进行动态审查,进而形成启动阶段合法性审查和实施阶段正当性审查的区分,以凸显判断标准的实践指引功能。     

皖南浙西地区赫南特期沉积特征与沉积格局

由于潮坪相带只存在于扬子靠近华夏古陆的一侧,表明该时期华夏古陆已经推进到江绍断裂附近,而原江南古陆的位置附近存在盆地相的浊积岩,应为盆地环境,江南古陆在此时并未隆起。     

A Stage Model of International Brand Development: The perspectives of manufacturers from two newly industrialized economies—South Korea and Taiwan

A review of the literature has revealed that insufficient attention has been paid to the international branding process. Following in-depth interviews with eight manufacturers from South Korea and Taiwan, a stage model of international brand development is therefore proposed. This model is a composite of three extant literatures, i.e., international branding, the Small Business Growth Stage Model, and the Internationalization Process model. The model highlights four successive and progressive stages underpinning international brand development: Pre-international, Lead Market Carrying Capacity, International Branding and Market Succession, and Local Climax. According to the proposed model, firms begin with the development of a strong brand in home markets, then, utilize OEM brands to expand and become familiar with international markets. A gradual decrease in OEM contracts and more concentration on international branding in the three global lead markets (i.e., the USA, Japan, and the EU) follow. The stage model ends with brand development deploying localization in the Third World countries. The article concludes by providing research implications as well as future research directions.     

谈设计阶段的工程造价控制

本简要地阐述了设计阶段的造价控制是工程造价全过程控制的关键性环节，并介绍了设计阶段造价控制的几种常用方法。