Estimating the Private Economic Benefits of Sons Versus Daughters in India

In order to understand the economic incentives behind gender discrimination in India, this paper provides the first estimates of the magnitude of the economic benefits of having a son instead of a daughter. The study estimates large gains from a first-born son to per capita income and expenditure, household assets, and a reduction in the probability the household is below the poverty line. Estimates show that a first-born son may provide economic advantages through a reduction in total children born and also from an adult son’s labor supply contribution to his parents’ household. The observed pattern of incentives is also compared with observed patterns in sex selection as a test of whether the relative economic value of first-born sons and daughters can explain the prevalence of sex-selective abortion.     

中国妇女人工流产影响因素的多水平分析

使用多水平模型对1992—1997年中国妇女人工流产行为进行了分析,目的是考察和检验宏观（省级水平）和微观（个人水平）因素对中国妇女分孕次人工流产概率的独立影响及其显著性。多水平模型在模拟具有层次结构性的数据上要优于传统的回归模型,在社会科学领域正在被越来越广泛地应用。多水平模型结果显示:无论是宏观因素还是微观因素,都对妇女人工流产有独立而显著的影响,微观影响在所有孕次都是显著的,而宏观影响则取决于孕次。同时宏观因素对微观上的人工流产社会经济差异也具有显著影响,并与孕次有很大关系。本文的多水平模型有助于全面认识我国妇女人工流产的影响因素。     

从男孩偏好到出生性别选择

在田野工作所获得的材料和体验基础上,全景式展现了现实社会生活中农村社会从男孩偏好到出生性别选择的过程和机制;试图对农村社会中出生性别选择现象进行溯源式研究,针对社会生活中的男孩偏好文化进行了考察;得出几点新的认识和结论。     

Teenage pregnancies and births in Germany: patterns and developments

We study the development of teenage fertility in East and West Germany using data from the German Socioeconomic Panel and from the German Mikrozensus. Following the international literature we derive hypotheses on the patterns of teenage fertility and test whether they are relevant to the German case. We find that teenage fertility is associated with teenage age and education, with the income of the teenager’s family, with migration status, residence in East Germany and aggregate unemployment. Our evidence supports counter-cyclical teenage fertility.     

流动育龄妇女人工流产职业风险因素分析

为了解流动育龄妇女人工流产的职业风险因素,利用2005年全国五城市流动人口生殖健康调查数据,采用多因素Logistic回归模型,分析职业因素与流动育龄人工流产风险的关联。流动育龄妇女的职业因素与其人工流产风险存在统计学关联。育龄妇女的流入地打工年数、是否与配偶共同居住、从事的职业均可能增加其人工流产风险。针对上述危险因素对流动育龄妇女开展健康教育,可有效预防和减少流动育龄妇女的人工流产发生风险。     

Symbols In Hills like White Elephants

The purpose of this paper is to study the function of symbolization in short story by analyzing the symbols in Ernest Hemingway＇s work： Hills like White Elephants.     

避孕知情选择对中国人工流产的影响分析

随着避孕知情选择的逐步展开,我国已婚育龄人群的避孕模式发生了较大变化。其中,短效自控型避孕措施构成的升高,减弱了原来以长效医控型避孕措施为主的避孕模式所固有的高避孕效果,也增加了意外妊娠的可能性。人工流产作为意外妊娠的主要补救措施,其发生的可能性是否随知情选择的开展而有所变化?目前,鲜有学者对此进行过全国层面的系统量化分析。利用1988～2001年全国计划生育/生殖健康抽样调查数据,比较知情选择开展前后人工流产行为的变化。伴随知情选择的全面展开,已婚育龄妇女人工流产发生可能性降低的趋势在各个孩次上都有明显的体现,表明我国知情选择的逐步推广已产生了一定的良性效果。     

地佐辛预防人流手术子宫颈扩张所致体动反应的临床观察

目的 观察地佐辛复合丙泊酚麻醉对人流手术中宫颈扩张操作所致体动反应的抑制效果.方法 选取全麻人流手术需术中进行宫颈扩张的患者40例,随机分成两组.所有患者均使用丙泊酚3mg/kg进行静脉全麻.术中进行扩张宫颈操作前两组无加任何处理.两组患者于扩张宫颈操作期间如发生体动反应,则暂停手术,观察组加用地佐辛0.1 mg/kg,对照组追加丙泊酚1mg/kg后再重新开始操作.术后统计两组患者扩张宫颈操作时发生体动反应的例数.结果 观察组出现体动反应患者4例,对照组5例,追加地佐辛和丙泊酚均能有效抑制体动反应的发生;但观察组的丙泊酚用量、辅助呼吸时间及停药至清醒时间明显低于对照组,两组间比较有显著性差异（P＜0.05）.结论 地佐辛复合丙泊酚麻醉能有效减少人流手术中宫颈扩张操作所致体动反应的发生例数,效果更优于单独使用丙泊酚.     

从男孩偏好到出生性别选择

在田野工作所获得的材料和体验基础上,全景式展现了现实社会生活中农村社会从男孩偏好到出生性别选择的过程和机制;试图对农村社会中出生性别选择现象进行溯源式研究,针对社会生活中的男孩偏好文化进行了考察;得出几点新的认识和结论。     

Still waiting for Mister Right? Asymmetric information,abortion laws and the timing of marriage

Previous studies have suggested that more liberal abortion laws should lead to a decrease in marriage rates among young women as ‘shotgun weddings’ are no longer necessary. Empirical evidence from the United States lends support to that hypothesis. This article presents an alternative theory of abortion access and marriage based on the cost of search which suggests that more liberal abortion laws may actually promote young marriage. An empirical examination of marriage data from Eastern Europe shows that countries that liberalized their abortion laws saw an increase in marriage rates among nonteenage women.