经济学家对剩余认识的分歧说明了什么

自魁奈提出"纯产品"学说以来,经济学家对剩余认识的分歧一直难以弥合,这是由他们对剩余研究的目的决定的,但万变不离其宗的是,研究剩余的来源或源泉都是为了给剩余的归属即剩余的占有找到更"合理"的出路,与剩余的真正来源无关.由他们所戴的理论有色眼镜所决定,经济学家把剩余的来源分为劳动说、创新说、不确定性说和监督说.劳动说体现的是社会公平正义,创新说注重的是激励,不确定性说强调了企业家的责任,监督说意在减少偷懒.只要我们不怀任何偏见,这些不同的学说就会为解决目前的经济发展与收入分配矛盾提供有效的思路和方法.     

The great divergence on the Korean peninsula (1910–2020)

Before the 1960s, North Korea's GDP per capita was 30%–50% higher than South Korea's due to industrialisation during the 1930s. However, the governments of the two Koreas pursued different goals in the 1960s, which resulted in a reversal. The South Korean government made economic growth its ultimate goal. They did this by self-implementing, adjusting and instituting an export-oriented development strategy. On the other hand, the North Korean government tried to maximise its ability to survive by sacrificing gains from economies of scale. These differences brought about remarkable differences in economic performance. The gap between the two economies has continued to grow since the income level reversal in the 1970s.     

Some Variants of Constrained Estimation in Finite Population Sampling

This is a review article that unifies several important examples using constrained optimisation techniques. The basic tools are three simple mathematical optimisation results subject to certain constraints. Applications include calibration, benchmarking in small area estimation and imputation. A final illustration is constrained optimisation under a general divergence loss.     

The visible hand: the role of government in China’s long-awaited industrial revolution

China is undergoing its long-awaited industrial revolution. There is no shortage of commentary and opinion on this dramatic period, but few have attempted to provide a coherent, in-depth, political-economic framework that explains the fundamental mechanisms behind China’s rapid industrialization. This article reviews the Embryonic Economic Development theory put forth by Wen (2016a). This article reviews the Embryonic Economic Development theory put forth by Wen . It illuminates the critical sequence of developmental stages since the reforms enacted by Deng Xiaoping in 1978: namely, small-scale commercialized agricultural production, proto-industrialization in the countryside, a formal industrial revolution based on mass production of labor-intensive light consumer goods, a sustainable ‘industrial trinity’ boom in energy/motive power/infrastructure, and a second industrial revolution involving the mass production of heavy industrial goods. This developmental sequence follows essentially the same pattern as Great Britain’s Industrial Revolution, despite sharp differences in political and institutional conditions. One of the key conclusions exemplified by China’s economic rise is that the extent of industrialization is limited by the extent of the market. One of the key strategies behind the creation and nurturing of a continually growing market in China is based on this premise: The free market is a public good that is very costly for nations to create and support. Market creation requires a powerful ‘mercantilist’ state and the correct sequence of developmental stages; China has been successfully accomplishing its industrialization through these stages, backed by measured, targeted reforms and direct participation from its central and local governments.     

2007中国宏观经济走势与长三角模式未来

中国经济在2007年将延续自2003年以来增长的势头。但与高速增长伴随而来的物质生产份额与价值实现份额的“大分流”现象并未消除。通过对我国单位GDP能耗和美国1949年的单位GDP能耗进行对比,可以看出这种“大分流”现象是由中国经济尤其是长三角区域的“车间经济”式的发展模式引致的。如果继续这种发展模式,中国经济的未来定位将会是以传统制造业群为主——走向蓝领经济,占据世界价值链的低端环节。如果要改变这种命运,必须转变发展模式,走向指数与信息经济时代。中国将在一个较短的时间内完成大国经济的崛起过程。     

Employment and wage practices of Japanese firms in the Philippines: convergence with Filipino-Chinese and Western-owned firms

In foreign-owned Philippine firms, human resource approaches and practices tend to converge. Japanese-owned firms localize their human resource practices by emphasizing local standards and practices in compensation, hiring, recruitment, job assignments and the like. On the other hand, Western-owned firms tend to adopt well-known Japanese style practices. Filipino-Chinese-owned firms tend to be traditional, emphasizing both informal and hierarchical control mechanisms which put a premium upon loyalty and trust, through familistic, informal but hierarchical control mechanisms. As the owners of these firms pass on control to the next generation, they tend to hire professional managers. These managers include younger generation Filipino-Chinese educated abroad. They are torn between the rational, and traditional norms and practices insisted upon by their Confucian-oriented elders, and the demands of a competitive and ever-changing technology and economy.

It is quite meaningless to attach adjectives like ‘Japanese’, ‘Filipino-Chinese’ or ‘Western’ to universal concepts like industrial relations and human resource approaches - the search for the best approach in work relations is beyond the issue of convergence or divergence.     

The Effectiveness of Technical Trading for Arab Stocks

In this paper, we examine the profitability of technical analysis for a cross section of individual Arab stocks. Our analysis, undertaken from the perspective of an Islamic investor, reveals that technical trading rules do not yield economically or statistically significant returns. While our results uncover some scant statistical evidence of technical trading rule profitability, risk adjusting the returns weakens the evidence in favor of predictability. Furthermore, break-even transaction costs do not exceed estimated transaction costs or bid-ask spreads in the markets examined.     

15～18世纪中西国际贸易体系之差异与"大分流"

本文对15-18世纪西欧资本主义世界贸易体系和传统中国的朝贡贸易体系进行比较，认为由于西方和中国社会面临不同的发展环境，所以两种体系构筑的思想、国家与商人的关系以及两种体系得以建立和维持的方式存在差异。正是这种差异，导致西欧能够获得国际贸易中的“生态横财”，而传统中国失去发展的机遇，最终出现了中西社会的“大分流”。     

正确地认识和运用技术指标的背离——基于《证券投资技术分析》教学的思考

技术指标分析是证券投资过程中重要的分析手段之一。但人们对技术指标的背离存在着认识上的偏差和运用上的误区。如何正确地认识和运用技术指标的背离,是教学和实践中必须解决的重要问题。传统经典的技术指标背离忽视了指标本身的周期性规律,以致在运用时经常发出不适宜操作的背离信号,影响股价未来走势研判的准确性。虽然技术指标背离的出现是比较明显的行动信号,但这并不一定要立即采取行动。不宜单独使用背离,还应与其他指标相配合使用。