A sequential model for cracking down on street markets for illicit drugs

This paper develops a sequential decision-making model for assisting law enforcement officials in allocating resources during a crackdown operation on illicit drug markets. The sequential crackdown model (SCM) considers a probabilistic framework, where the probability of incarceration of a dealer and the probability of dealing are modeled as a function of the size of a drug market, crackdown enforcement level, drug dealer's financial hardship, and other market characteristics.The model was developed and tested in consultation with enforcement officials from Philadelphia, PA and Camden, NJ. We present a detailed, step-by-step implementation scheme for updating parameters on each day of the crackdown. Parameter estimation along with examples of model usage is provided. Through these examples, we illustrate how the SCM could be helpful in understanding the response of illicit drug markets to various enforcement strategies. We further show conditions under which an alternating crackdown policy (referred to as a crackdown-backoff) or a consistent use of maximum possible enforcement would be optimal strategies for managing a drug crackdown operation. Within the context of the model and parameter estimates, we show that a much quicker and less costly collapse could be implemented if the available enforcement resources are increased. Finally, the model provides possible conditions under which a crackdown operation would be unsuccessful in eliminating a drug market.     

2017年北京社区卫生服务中心处方集中点评结果

目的汇总分析北京市16个区县近100家社区卫生服务中心处方抽样点评的结果,比较各区之间的差异,细化点评结果,促进全市合理用药。方法抽取2017年6月第2周,全门诊不包括草药处方,共计50189张处方,进行精细化集中点评。结果2017年北京16个区县社区卫生服务中心平均处方金额为160.07元,注射剂使用率为5.56%,全部基本药物占比为68.29%,处方的不合理率为8.8%。结论对于北京市社区卫生服务中心门诊处方集中点评最应改进的为统一点评标准,其次还应完善处方管理,强化药剂师自身的业务学习.     

抗感冒药的成分分析与合理使用

通过对抗感冒药主要成分的分析,确立合理使用抗感冒药的原则,避免重复用药或滥用药带来的不良反应,从而真正做到合理、安全、有效地使用抗感冒药.     

OTC药品的风险认知与健康风险决策的分析

自我药疗行为的普及以及OTC药品的市场化,加速了药品的商品化进程。然而,药品的消费行为附带健康风险。本文基于这个假设,提出了混合作用模型,目的是分析消费者选购OTC药品时的健康风险决策的内在机理。通过设定健康关注度和医疗认可度作为个体差异变量、风险框架作为购买状况变量、风险认知作为中介变量,使用线性回归模型和判别回归模型分析个体的药品选择规律。研究发现,在风险框架下,个体的健康关注度、医疗认可度与风险认知存在一定的关系。同时,将风险框架、风险认知、个体因素用来判别消费者的OTC药品选购决策有显著的意义。     

抗肿瘤药在中国的使用现状

综述了抗肿瘤药物在中国的使用现状及发展情况.     

药物驾驶危害与治理研究总结与展望

药物通过影响人体生理机能侵害正常驾驶行为能力,构成了严重交通安全隐患.近年来,全球交通事故中检出驾驶员服药的频率呈现增高趋势.当前国内学术界对药物驾驶相关问题研究重视不够,不仅导致社会公众对药物驾驶概念缺乏清晰认知,而且相关防治措施也有待完善.通过对国内外药物驾驶危害与治理研究的总结与展望,以期引起社会各界对于药物驾驶这一交通安全问题的重视和思考.     

Economic evaluation of anti-epileptic drug therapies with specific focus on teratogenic outcomes

Abstract

Background:

Anti-epileptic drugs are known to be teratogenic, yet many women do need to continue the anti-epileptic drug use during pregnancy.

Objectives:

To perform an economic evaluation of the anti-epileptic drug choice in young women who potentially wish to become pregnant. In particular, to estimate the impact of teratogenicity on the costs per quality adjusted life year (QALY).

Methods:

A decision-tree model is used to calculate the costs per QALY, taking into account the malformation risk in offspring due to the exposure to carbamazepine, lamotrigine or valproic acid, based on the European birth cohort of 2007. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed using Monte Carlo simulation.

Results:

Valproic acid is dominated by carbamazepine after rank ordering on costs. The incremental cost-effectiveness of lamotrigine vs carbamazepine was estimated at €175,534 per QALY. Although valproic acid was dominated by carbamazepine in terms of costs and related effects, it is clinically relevant to compare lamotrigine with valproic acid. In particular, treatment options are dependent on several individual and clinical characteristics and these agents are therefore not always considered as interchangeable for all specified populations. The incremental cost-effectiveness for lamotrigine vs valproic acid was estimated at €13,370 per QALY. With assuming a willingness to pay threshold of €50,000 per QALY, results from the probabilistic analysis resulted in an acceptance level for lamotrigine vs carbamazepine and lamotrigine vs valproic acid of 4% and 99%, respectively.

Conclusion:

Based on epidemiological data it is advised to whenever possible avoid valproic acid during pregnancy. Both carbamazepine and lamotrigine are estimated to be cost-effective treatment options vs valproic acid if focused on teratogenicity.     

对几种常用抗结核类药物的分析研究

当人类迈入2000年的今天,抗结核药物的研究已经获得了更进一步的发展,其中最引人注目的主要是利福霉素和氟喹诺酮这两大类药物,尤以后者更为突出。抗结核药物是结核病化学治疗(简称化疗)的基础,而结核病的化学治疗是人类控制结核病的主要手段。结核病化疗的出现使结核病的控制有了划时代的改变,全球结核病疫情由此得以迅速下降。本文就这一带给人类巨大贡献的事物进行阐述。     

Consumer Believability of Information in Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) Advertising of Prescription Drugs

Direct to consumer (DTC) advertising has attracted significant research attention, yet none has focused on empirical assessments of its overall impact on U.S. consumers nationally, and tying assessment to relevant behavioral outcomes. This paper addresses the ethical issue of DTC advertising providing a balance of product and risk information that is both understandable and believable, and contributes direction to those exploring this phenomenon. Richard F. Beltramini is currently Professor of Marketing in the School of Business Administration at Wayne State University. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Austin, and served on the faculty of Arizona State University for fifteen years. His teaching interests include advertising and marketing management, research, and strategy. His primary research focus is on the believability of marketing communications information, and he has published in the Journal of Advertising, Journal of Advertising Research, Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Marketing, and a variety of other journals, conference proceedings, and books as well as co-editing Gift Giving: A Research Anthology. Dr. Beltramini has served on the Editorial Review Boards of a number of academic journals, as guest editor of special issues of the Journal of Business Ethics and the International Journal of Internet Marketing and Advertising, as international president of the American Academy of Advertising, as a member of the American Advertising Federation's National Academic Committee and several other professional and business organizations, and is active as a consultant to several international organizations. He is the recipient of several national competitive grants and awards for his teaching and research, including the National Science Foundation, is the only faculty recipient of both his school’s Excellence in Research and Excellence in Teaching awards, and is currently the first Board of Visitors Faculty Fellow. Prior to academe, Dr. Beltramini worked for Texas Instruments, Inc. and The Drawing Board, Inc., both in Dallas, and he has also worked as a Visiting Research Professor for J. Walter Thompson Advertising in Chicago, Honeywell Information Systems in Phoenix, and the Federal Trade Commission in Washington, D.C.