Building Innovation Excellence of World Class: The Cluster as an Instrument of Spatial Governance in the European Union

European spatial governance is becoming an intriguing mix of ideas from the economic, political and cultural spheres. This article asserts that, in the EU's spatial planning, the cluster is increasingly part of a hybrid spatial politics, here named the ‘cluster gaze’, based on the interplay of innovation‐oriented political rationality and spatial governance. To study this process, the article provides an empirical investigation into selected EU documentation. The investigation is based on two perspectives. First, the cluster is analysed as a mediating instrument to stimulate and rescale transnational market developments in the EU. Second, the cluster is studied as an instrument of spatial management — one that builds on a business managerial ethos and endorses a specific hierarchical spatial imaginary and a cluster evidence base to assess the productivity and efficiency of European clusters. Both of these perspectives pave the way for a European ‘politics of cluster excellence’ that is about the constant sharpening of cluster practices, continuous evaluation and ranking, and the enhancement of cluster performance to rise from the ‘European league’ towards the ‘world class’.     

Effects on the “self-organization- satisfaction” relationship of changes in the economic context

Noting increasingly independent traveling by tourists, as well as changes on the tourist activity worldwide due to the 2008 economic crisis, this study analyzes the relationships between an economic crisis, tourist’s self-organization in trip planning, and tourist’s trip satisfaction. Data from a panel (2006–2011) on how residents in Spain complete their accommodation and transport bookings are used, including data on their trip satisfaction. The study identifies a negative relationship between the 2008 economic crisis and trip satisfaction, a positive relationship between self-organization and satisfaction, as well as positive moderating effects of the crisis on the relationship between self-organization and satisfaction.     

Economization of Society: Functional Differentiation and Economic Stagnation

The explanation of economization and marketization processes is typically approached in the mindset of structural superiority, primacy or hegemony of the economic subsystem over non-economic spheres of social life. However, economic primacy is an underexplored puzzle for social theory from the perspective of functional differentiation theory, which emphasizes equal autonomy of social subsystems. Schimank has paved the way for theorizing economic primacy and economization pressures coherent with functional differentiation. Economization in his theoretical solution is connected to the economy’s governance mechanism—the market which is seen as having a weak order-building capacity. The contribution of this article lies in suggesting an alternative conceptualization of the internal dynamics of the economy—the stagnation tendency for explaining economization pressures as a systematic outcome.     

沙县小吃文化经济化的乘数效应及其体系构建

文化经济发展是社会经济发展的必然趋势，是建设社会主义现代化的必然要求。通过分析沙县文化经济化的意义及有利因素，浅析沙县小吃文化经济化的乘数效应，构建沙县小吃文化经济化体系。     

从科技与经济关系的演变看现代科技经济化——现代科技工作经济属性之我见

科技劳动与生产劳动关系的演进具有一定的规律性。认识这一规律性 ,尤其掌握现代条件下科技经济化的规律 ,有助于我们解决科技与经济脱节的问题 ,有利于提高我国科技经济化水平 ,有利于我国经济增长方式的转变和建设小康社会目标的实现。     

民族地区经济发展中的文化经济化问题辨析

文化已深深融入当今社会经济运行之中并成为经济发展持久的动力。民族地区经济要在自然资源丰富但资源优势难以转化为经济优势的情况下形成特色并健康发展,就必须立足文化和经济的相互关系,在特定时期和特定的阶段把文化作为经济发展的资本,把文化经济化作为经济发展的手段,辩证处理好文化经济化的思想观念、主导力量、运作方式、运作模式、适用阶段等问题,促进民族地区经济的发展。