Bond Pricing with a Time‐Varying Price of Risk in an Estimated Medium‐Scale Bayesian DSGE Model

New Keynesian model in which households have Epstein–Zin preferences with time‐varying risk aversion and the central bank has a time‐varying inflation target can match the dynamics of nominal bond prices in the U.S. economy well. The model generates a large steady‐state term spread and its fitting errors for bond yields are comparable to those obtained from a nonstructural three‐factor model, and one‐third smaller than in models with a constant inflation target or risk aversion. Including data on interest rates has large effects on variance decompositions, making investment technology shocks much less important than found in other recent papers.     

银杏的生态习性与养护管理

银杏具有适应范围广,经济价值高,且观赏性强等特点.掌握银杏的生态习性以及养护管理措施,是银杏树种在园林中成功应用的关键.本文依据栽培养护植物的基础知识,对银杏的生态环境要求和栽植技术及行道树的整形修剪方面进行了分析和讨论.     

制造业习性成本结构和经营安全程度分析

本文以制造业上市公司为研究对象,从收入动因成本中分解出收入动因固定成本和收入动因变动成本,进而计算出习性成本结构指标、保本点指标以及经营安全程度（安全边际率）指标。通过习性成本结构和经营安全程度分析可以得出以下研究结论：（1）以收入动因成本和营业净收入为基础进行的习性成本结构和经营安全程度分析是合理的、可靠的;（2）制造业整体上变动成本比重较高,行业整体营业净收入中变动成本比重为89.44%;（3）制造业整体经营风险较低,行业整体安全边际率为77.71%,处于“很安全”的范围。     

Habit Formation in an Overlapping Generations Model with Borrowing Constraints

We introduce habit‐formation in the three‐period OLG borrowing‐constrained framework of Constantinides et al. (2002) by allowing the utility of the middle‐aged (old) to depend on consumption when young (middle‐aged). This specification enables us to separate the effect of the two habit parameters (middle‐aged and old) since each representative age‐group can face different levels of habit persistence. The two‐habit setup underlines some important issues with regards to savings and security returns which do not always conform to the standard findings in the literature. In addition, the model produces equity premium consistent with US data for relatively small levels of risk aversion.     

Is the Dutch consumer a true ricardian?

Summary In this paper the intertemporal optimization approach is adopted in order to estimate an empirical version of Blanchard's (1985) overlapping generations model. The observed sluggishness in consumption is incorporated into the model by recognizing both durability and habit formation as relevant determinants of total consumption. The model is estimated using quarterly data for The Netherlands from 1969:I to 1990:IV. The empirical estimates suggest that the status of the Dutch consumer as a true Ricardian is unambiguously rejected. The results furthermore suggest that this rejection is due to the existence of both liquidity constraints and finite planning horizons.Comments by Peter Broer, Jeroen Kremers, Debora Molenaar, Rick van der Ploeg, Frans Spinnewyn, Casper de Vries, Ed Westerhout and two anonymous referees are very much appreciated. Elbert Dijkgraaf has provided invaluable research assistance. We also thank participants of the OCFEB workshop and the CES seminar at the K.U. Leuven for their comments.     

Price Stability in Economies with Habit Persistence

This paper shows that the divine‐coincidence does not hold in a sticky price model with external habit if a time‐varying tax rate on labor income is not implemented to fully eliminate the time‐varying distortions associated with external habit and monopoly power in goods market. The required labor income tax rate is inversely related to the risk‐free real interest rate and the markup in the goods market, but it is proportional to the degree of external habit. Under this circumstance, the optimal monetary policy commands a countercyclical interest rate, having a perfect negative correlation with tax rate in the sticky price model with external habit. If a time‐invariant tax is the only fiscal instrument, then the degree of external habit entails a gap between the private marginal rate of substitution between consumption and labor and the social marginal rate of substitution, generating an endogenous trade‐off between the stabilization of welfare‐relevant output gap and inflation. Under this circumstance, price stability is not the optimal policy. The monetary policy authority should optimally try to undo the time‐varying distortions associated with external habit and monopoly power in goods market by deviating from price stability.     

习惯形成、信息鸿沟与异质福利--基于中国地区层面居民信息消费数据的数值模拟分析

本文尝试将消费习惯引入信息消费增速提升的福利效应模型,并以此模型为基础,运用1992～2012年中国城镇居民家庭信息消费数据,测算了信息消费增速提升给中国不同区域城镇居民带来的差异福利影响。研究发现：第一,内部习惯特征对中国城镇居民信息消费的福利效应具有显著影响。引入习惯特征后,信息消费增速提升1%相当于在其未来无限生命期界内每年补贴0.27%-26.05%信息消费产品或服务;第二,无论是同质性偏好还是异质性偏好假设,四大板块中的东北和中西部地区城镇居民信息消费的福利效应均高于东部地区,区域间信息鸿沟转化为福利差异。因此,在稳步推进收入分配和社会保障体制改革的同时,应当加大对中西部地区信息基础设施政策支持力度。     

习惯形成、收入阶层异质性与我国城镇居民消费行为研究

习惯形成是居民消费变化的一个基本特征，收入阶层异质性是居民禀赋差异的主要体现，本文旨在结合两者探究我国城镇居民的消费行为，以探寻扩大居民消费的方法。基于阶层消费函数理论，运用收入阶层面板SUR的结果显示，居民消费具有显著的习惯形成特征，消费行为呈现异质性，表现为低收入居民的消费习惯较弱、消费倾向较高，中等收入居民的习惯较强、消费较谨慎，高收入居民的习惯较强、地位性消费较活跃。当前“金字塔”形的收入分布、不断扩大但谨慎的中等收入居民、地位性消费的外流抑制了城镇居民消费的扩大，居民消费的相对不足主要是结构性问题。应依据各阶层消费的特点，从供给侧出发构建长效机制，促进低收入居民的收入平稳增长，多方面减弱中等收入居民的谨慎性，并提升国内消费品的质量和档次。     

习惯形成、不确定性、流动性约束与居民消费——基于省际动态面板数据的实证分析

文章利用1998-2008年的城乡省际面板数据,建立包含习惯形成、不确定性和流动性约束在内的动态面板模型并对其进行实证分析.实证分析的结果表明习惯形成对于城乡居民的消费具有显著性影响;不确定性对于城镇居民的消费增长具有显著的影响,对于农村居民的影响不显著;城乡居民的消费具有过度敏感性;城镇居民的实证结果支持"前景理论",不支持流动性约束理论,农村居民的实证结果支持"短视行为"理论.     

A variety-expansion model of growth with external habit formation

This paper introduces consumption externalities into one of the base line models of growth in which continuing expansion of product variety sustains long-term growth. We assume that consumers set a benchmark stock of consumption for each good so that there are commodity-specific external effects. Each good is produced by a monopolistically competitive firm and the firm exploits the presence of consumption external effects in determining its profit-maximizing price. Given those settings, we show that the introduction of consumption externalities may affect the balanced-growth characterization, transitional dynamics and policy effects in fundamental manners.