政府或有负债的产生及其风险防范

现阶段我国政府或有负债的产生既有客观原因如公共风险的存在,也有主观原因如财政调整过程中的政府机会主义行为。不仅如此,政府或有负债的产生还受制于政府的内部财政能力约束和外部财政压力约束,而预算编制中的收付实现制为政府或有负债的产生大开制度之门,使得政府能够以政府担保为主要载体来进行间接融资,导致政府或有负债的过度积累。     

养老保险制度转轨的经济学分析

养老保险制度从现收现付制到基金制的转轨是当今社会保障制度改革的潮流。从经济学的角度看 ,必须满足条件 :市场实际利率大于消费贴现率 ,消费贴现率大于人口增长率与劳动生产率增长率之和 ,并且都大于零 ,养老保险的转轨才能提高效率。当前 ,我国养老保险制度转轨的时机尚未成熟 ,不宜实行完全基金制。     

俄罗斯经济转型过程中的养老保险制度改革及其反思

俄罗斯的养老保险制度改革已经进行了十多年。在经历了两个阶段的艰难探索之后 ,目前初步建立了“多支柱”的养老保障体系。该体系中不乏创见之举 ,但目前也面临着诸多困难 ,改革前景依然是“任重而道远”     

Social Security with Heterogeneous Populations Subject to Demographic Shocks

In a previous paper, we showed how a pay-as-you-go social security scheme, based on voluntary contributions, can be an appropriate institution to reach an optimal sharing of risks among generations in the presence of demographic uncertainties. We study here the functioning of such schemes when there are different population strata, with different demographic shocks and wages. We show that while a collective voluntary pay-as-you-go scheme can provide efficient intergenerational risk sharing, it is likely to be destabilized by pensions funds specialized by agents' types. This is true both when there is a complete set of contingent markets, where the risk pooling capabilities of a collective fund are potentially of less interest, and when markets are incomplete. In this last circumstance, a collective fund may help the living agents to share their intragenerational risks. However, we show that the resulting allocation does not Pareto dominate the outcome of individual funds by agent types, and that there are incentives for agents to separate from any collective organization.     

China＇s Urban and Rural Old Age Security System： Challenges and Options

I. Introduction In the process of economic transition, China has adopted an urban-priority reform approach in establishing its old age security system, which conforms to international development experiences. China’s rapid aging of people with low-incomes, however, is unprecedented compared with other developed or developing countries. The urban-priority reform ensures a relatively high coverage in urban areas, whereas it imposes a heavy burden ofold age support on rural households. Current …     

现收现付制——我国养老保险模式的最佳选择

目前,我国养老保险体系向部分基金积累制转轨过程中遇到了转制成本、隐形债务等一系列问题。事实上,我国不宜向基金积累制转轨,基金积累制的国际实践并不理想,其本质上具有不能增加福利、管理成本高昂、外部条件不具备等缺陷。而我国现阶段具备"艾伦条件"仍然满足、人口高龄化程度相对较低、可吸收大量新增工业人口加入养老保险体系等有利因素。对此,现收现付制仍然是我国养老保险体系的最佳选择。     

Social security generosity,budgetary deficits and reforms in North Cyprus

This paper estimates the fiscal burden of the historical pay-as-you-go (PAYGO) Social Insurance Pension System in North Cyprus and analyzes the appropriateness of the 2008 reforms that introduced the new Social Security Pension System. Estimates are made of the system deficit. To bring the magnitude of the unfunded cost of the pension system down to a sustainable level, major parametric reforms will need to be made to the system. These include increasing the age of retirement, increasing the rate of contributions, changing the method of indexing of pension benefits and decreasing the theoretical replacement rate of the pension benefits.     

国家养老储备金制度分析——从国际比较的视角

从国际比较出发,分析了现收现付公共养老金计划的结构特征,指出了发达国家公共养老金制度的三个层次,明确了国家养老储备金在其中的功能和定位,并以此为基础分析了公共养老金计划中国家、企业和个人的责任划分以及中国基本养老保险制度的设计缺陷,提出了相关政策建议,指出了国家养老储备金在中国养老体制改革中的多重责任。     

Old times,better times? German miners' Knappschaften,pay-as-you-go pensions,and implicit rates of return, 1854–1913

This paper contributes to the literature on the weakness of modern pay-as-you-go social security systems in financing pensions by taking a business and economic historical perspective on the issue. It focuses on Prussian Knappschaften (plural ofKnappschaft), which provided miners with compulsory invalidity and implicit old-age insurance, and studies the period from 1854 to 1913. Knappschaften used the pay-as-you-go mechanism, and, in the long term, came under financial pressure from the rising number of pensioners. The question to be answered is whether Knappschaften were able to offer cohorts of miners entering the system at different times the same implicit rates of return. Did Knappschaften provide an intergenerationally sustainable policy, or did adjustments of contributions and other parameters decrease the dividend for insured miners over time?