Trade-offs in sulfur emission trading in Europe

How to implement emission trading is one question in the current negotiations on a new sulfur protocol in Europe. Whereas the current protocol stipulates a 30 percent uniform reduction, national emission ceilings included in the proposed new protocol imply differentiated reductions. In addition, emission and fuel standards are proposed. This paper examines the costs and environmental impacts of emission trading. Emission trading combined with regulations is a new element in the paper. Calculations using the RAINS (Regional Acidification INformation and Simulation) model suggest that overlaying emission trading on regulations not only reduces the cost savings but has beneficial impacts as well: ecosystem protection is not changed and significant decreases in environmental benefits for countries are largely avoided. Emission trading can also be used to decrease emissions and increase ecosystem protection. If combined with existing legislation, emission trading minimizes losses in expected environmental benefits for some countries, and most countries gain. However, the initial distribution of emission ceilings has to be used so that some countries are not confronted with higher costs. Trade-offs appear to exist between the use of emission trading to achieve cost savings on the one hand, and ecosystem protection and distributional equity on the other.     

近44年关中夏季分级雨日及降水量的变化特征

[目的]通过对关中地区夏季雨日(量)进行分级研究,更深入地了解关中夏季降水变化特征及各级雨日(量)对关中夏季降水变化的贡献大小。[方法]利用1970~2013年关中地区44个气象站逐日降水资料,采用趋势分析法,Mann-Kendall检验,t-检验和GIS技术等方法对关中夏季不同等级雨日和雨量变化特征进行分析。[结果](1)关中多年平均夏季雨日空间分布均为西多东少,西北部塬区和山区丘陵多于平原,各等级雨日和对应雨量空间分布特征及变化趋势相似。(2)近44年关中夏季总雨日、小雨日(量)和大雨日(量)均呈减少趋势,夏季降雨总量、中雨日(量)和暴雨日(量)均呈增加趋势,但线性变化趋势均不显著。其中小雨日(量)和大雨日(量)分别在1989年和1985年发生突变性减少,中雨日(量)在1978年发生突变增加。(3)单站分析表明关中夏季总雨日除咸阳大部外多数呈负趋势,夏季降雨量除渭南大部外普遍为正趋势。其中大部分站点小雨日(量)和大雨日(量)为负趋势,减少显著的站点分布在宝鸡地区;中雨日(量)和暴雨日(量)普遍为正趋势。[结论]夏季总雨量的增加主要贡献者是中雨量增加,总雨日减少主要是小雨日减少引起。从长期趋势变化看,关中夏季降水强度有增加趋势。     

经济发展与生态保护的思考——橡胶种植与热带雨林

文章在分析经济发展和生态保护的内涵和辩证关系的基础上,通过探讨云南省西双版纳傣族自治州在社会经济发展过程中存在的生态环境矛盾,指出兼顾生态保护的区域经济发展模式才是可持续发展之路,并从宏观上就经济发展中的生态保护问题提出了有益的建议.     

江西省林业雨雪冰冻灾害调研报告

江西林业在这次雨雪冰冻灾害中受损严重。全省林地受灾面积356.7万hm2,占总有林地面积40%,其中毛竹林73.9万hm2,占全省毛竹林面积90%,受损毛竹6亿根。林业直接经济损失154亿元。林业灾害使林农生产生活出现困难,森林资源恢复需要一些时间,生态平衡受到重创,加剧了原本就紧张的木材供需矛盾。林业恢复重建面临受损木材清理和补植补造任务重,劳力、经费缺口大,林农近期生活来源无保证,贷款造林者无力偿还到期债务,灾后问题缺乏技术指导及相应保障措施等问题。需从高层面、深层次深刻认识解决急需解决的问题。     

广西野生动植物和自然保护区灾害情况调查报告

广西野生动植物及自然保护区在本次雨雪冰冻灾害中受损面积之大、危害程度之深为历史所罕见。保护区基础硬件设施损毁严重;森林植被遭到严重破坏,生态系统结构和功能受损;野生动植物及栖息地受灾严重、生物多样性下降。当前抗灾救灾面临保护区生产生活困难大,森林防火难度大,区内资源损失情况调查、监测和评估尚未开展等问题。建议:提高认识、开展对保护区森林生态系统和野生动植物资源的调查、监测和评估;加强防火、病虫害防治和防止乱砍滥伐;加强野生动物的救助和疫病防护工作。     

深圳市宝安区管网雨污分流施工管理优化策略

本文以深圳市宝安区雨污分流改造工程项目作为研究对象,该项目主要是对城区内的地下雨水、污水管网进行改造,促使雨水、污水主管网全面覆盖城区,将小区内的分流支管全部接入市政主管网,并高效实现雨污分流。本文对雨污水管网设计以及施工过程中经常出现的缺陷进行了简单的介绍,并结合这些缺陷提出了合理的优化建议。期望通过此次调研来推动城市排水管网的不断完善,从而推动城市的发展。     

论纳兰性德词中雨的意象

纳兰词中雨意象出现频率颇高,统计起来,在纳兰性德的三百四十三首词中,雨出现了八十七次之多。可将雨意象归纳为四类,分别是思妻之雨、悼亡之雨、思友之雨和怀乡之雨。雨的意象的形成,与词人个人独特的感伤性格、词人自己一生的遭遇、词人的伤感的审美观以及传统的婉约词尤其是北宋词的影响有关。     

An Iterative Process for International Negotiations on Acid Rain in Northern Europe Using a General Convex Formulation

This paper proposes a game theoretical approach of internationalnegotiations on transboundary pollution. This approach is distinguished bya discrete time formulation and by a suitable formulation of the localinformation assumption on cost and damage functions: at each stage of thenegotiation, the parties assign the best possible cooperative state, giventhe available information, as an objective for the next stage. It is shownthat the resulting sequences of states converges from a non-cooperativesituation to an international optimum in a finite number of stages.Furthermore, a financial transfer structure is also presented that makesthe desired sequence of states individually rational and stategically stable.The concepts are applied in a numerical simulation of the SO₂transboundary pollution problem related to acid rain in Northern Europe.     

International Cooperation Behind the Veil of Uncertainty – The Case of Transboundary Acidification

The complexities of international environmental problems are only poorly understood. Hence, decision makers have to negotiate about abatement measures even though they do not know the 'true' model of the ecological system and have only a rough idea about the costs and benefits of their action. It will be analysed to what extent this kind of 'model uncertainty' – where players do not only have incomplete information about the payoff functions of the other players, but also about their own payoff function – affects the prospects of international cooperation. Using a simple game-theoretic model, it is shown how countries can use the veil of uncertainty to hide their distributional interests. The arguments are based on a deviation from the common prior assumption, which seems particularly questionable in a setting comprising various countries with different cultural and scientific backgrounds. Finally the model will prove useful to quantitatively and qualitatively illustrate the central role of model uncertainty in the negotiations of the first Sulphur Protocol signed to combat transboundary acidification.     

基于星上自适应FEC的卫星数据分发

为了解决卫星数据分发系统中雨衰对下行链路的异构性影响,建立了基于再生转发器和多波束技术的卫星数据分发系统简化模型,提出了采用星上自适应分组级FEC（Forward Error Control）的下行链路差错控制方法,针对下行链路的降雨等级自适应选择纠错码率,在不占用上行共享链路的情况下,实现对下行链路差错控制的动态调整,给出了采用RSE码的星上自适应FEC的算法公式,通过MATLAB软件和端到端的FEC技术进行了仿真比较分析,结果表明,当下行链路降雨率小于50%时,网络吞吐率可提高12%~25%。该策略可以为多波束宽带卫星数据分发系统的设计提供参考。