A Content Analysis of Bonus Pack Promotions

Bonus packs created by manufacturers have been characterized by scholars as special factory packs offering the consumer extra product for the same price or at no additional cost. However, this portrayal may fail to fully capture what consumers actually encounter in stores during and following a bonus pack promotion. Indeed, little is known about the types of products that manufacturers promote as bonus packs and how offers for them are specified, how retailers price them, and also what happens when the offers are discontinued. To address these shortcomings, a content analysis is conducted. The results illustrate a richness to bonus pack promotions that previous views of the topic have not described.     

多层次模糊评价佛山陶瓷物流包装工艺质量方法研究

针对佛山陶瓷物流包装质量中存在的模糊不确定因素,应用模糊数学的概念和方法,建立了佛山陶瓷物流包装质量的多层次模糊评价模型,并应用实例,对具体的佛山陶瓷物流包装质量进行了多层次模糊评价。结果表明,该方法具有较强的实用性和可操作性。     

论商品的过度包装

适度的商品包装能保护和美化商品,丰富人们的生活。但过度的商品包装,既侵害消费者的利益、影响企业的持续发展,又浪费资源、污染环境。本文分析了过度包装产生的原因和过度包装的危害,并从国家、行业、消费者等方面入手,提出了治理商品过度包装问题的对策。     

Zimbabwe’s Agricultural Recovery Programme in the 1990s: an evaluation using household survey data

During the 1990s, the Government of Zimbabwe implemented an Agricultural Recovery Programme to help smallholder farmers recover from repeated severe droughts. The programme aimed to provide drought-affected smallholders with crop packs (free seeds and fertiliser) and mechanised tillage services. This article evaluates the coverage, poverty-sensitivity and impact of the programme using a more in-depth analysis of household survey data than has been done to date. The programme’s tillage component was unsuccessful, repeatedly reaching less than 5% of its target group; the crop pack component, however, reached four-fifths or more of its target group. Most of the poorer households received crop packs, but richer households were slightly more likely to get them. Those who did receive crop packs planted larger areas under staple crops, regardless of their poverty status. These findings are generally robust for a range of poverty proxies. Unfortunately, there is no clear evidence on the impact, if any, of crop packs on grain yields. Crop packs—properly attuned to local agro-ecological conditions—may serve a useful role in post-drought recovery. Steps must be taken, however, to ensure that all the poor receive crop packs. Attempts by government to provide mechanised tillage to hundreds of thousands of smallholder households are not recommended.     

我国PET软饮料包装产品市场分析

近年来,由于PET包装产品所具有的广泛用途和节约能源、利于环保的特性,在发达国家被越来越广泛地使用。随着包装产业的不断发展和新兴企业的不断崛起,同行业竞争日益激烈,企业赢利空间缩小,经营效益不容乐观。本文在深入调查的基础上,对国内外行业环境进行了剖析,指出PET包装产品的行业经济特点,并分析了市场状况,包括市场的需求特性、购买者决策特征和本行业的工业购买者特征等。在此基础上,根据波特的竞争理论分析了行业的五种竞争力,希望对行业内的中国企业做出一定的借鉴和参考。     

The Effectiveness of Sales Promotion Tools among Indian Consumers: An Empirical Study

Marketers use sales promotions to boost sales. Sales promotion tools vary in their effectiveness to elicit different sales responses. Companies have a specific goal when they choose to use any promotional tool. Many researchers believe that sales promotions are zero sum game. Unlike in the West, in India brand loyalists outnumber price buyers by 200%. This paper investigates the effectiveness of select sales promotional tools in generating different buying behaviors. The study reveals that sales promotions, in India, do not help in category expansion. They are effective measures for inducing brand switching, stock piling, and purchase acceleration.     

ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF REFILL PACKS

It is common sense that refill packs can increase the repeated use of durable goods, reduce resource waste and be conducive to environmental protection. However, their existence also has an economic effect. For instance, we find that the profit of a monopolistic firm will increase as a result of selling the refill packs when the depreciation rate of the durable good is low. In an extension of the model, we point out that there is an entrant that competes with the incumbent in relation to the composite goods and the refill packs. In order to compete in terms of the prices of the composite goods, the incumbent sells the refill packs not only to increase profit, but also to reduce the amount of waste resulting from the durable goods. As for competing in regard to the prices of the refill packs, if the cost of the composite goods is small, then the incumbent's profit from selling the composite goods will increase. By comparing two extensions of the model, we find that the environmental effect of the price competition in regard to the refill packs is greater than the environmental effect of the price competition in relation to the composite goods.