我国农业用水利益相关者研究进展与展望

[目的]我国农业用水占全国总用水量的60%以上,农业是耗水大的产业,而农业用水的利用率低、浪费严重,是长期存在的问题。近年来逐渐聚焦利益相关者研究,希望通过探究农业用水系统中各利益相关者的互动行为,来提高改革效率、改善治理方式,从而实现水资源的高效利用。[方法]文章利用文献分析法,通过搜集国内农业用水利益相关者研究的相关文献,总结利益相关者界定、利益诉求确定和利益主体博弈上的研究成果,提炼研究方法,为未来的研究提供指导。[结果]该文总结已有文献中提出利益相关者共19个,并提出了各利益相关者在研究中出现的频次。利益相关者的研究方法主要运用了"Mitchell的评分法""文氏图法"和"利益相关者图解法"。[结论]目前,国内对于农业利益用水利益相关者的研究非常有限,存在主要问题包括:利益相关者理论单一、研究内容较为宏观、研究不够深入。在未来研究中可以实现多学科理论的结合,同时选择研究对象时可以更有针对性,研究更加深入。     

Biosecurity risk and peri‐urban landholders – using a stakeholder consultative approach to build a risk communication strategy

This article presents a straightforward and highly participatory methodology for addressing government agencies’ concerns with effective communication strategies for biosecurity when stakeholders are diverse and there is uncertainty about their levels of knowledge. The case study was among peri‐urban landholders in an area where serious animal disease infestation has occurred within the last 10 years. Initially we engaged stakeholders in a consultative process that included establishing a stakeholder influence and interest map for both weeds and animal diseases. This was followed with a mental model approach involving surveys and in‐depth interviews. We elicited information about landholders’ knowledge, practices, values and beliefs regarding biosecurity risk. Our consultative process generated examples that indicate that effective risk communication relies on establishing and affirming mutual levels of trust and credibility between landholders and agencies. While this finding is not surprising, we argue that attention to stakeholder consultative processes is central to overcoming barriers to changing practices and building awareness. Secondly, our data confirmed that while smaller landholders were the initial target for the communication, all landholders represented a similar level of biosecurity risk. Therefore, our approach was critical in overcoming external assumptions about particular actors. Finally, our data pointed to the need to develop a whole of landscape approach to biosecurity risk communication strategy in consultation with local stakeholders.     

Multiple stakeholders and middle managers: the role of the hotel financial controller

This article explores the key characteristics of the specific stakeholders for one type of middle manager, the hotel financial controller. Eleven semi-structured interviews among financial personnel showed that although some owners require on-going profits and have high expectations of middle managers, others may take a more long-term view and be less demanding. Head offices provide systems and services for the unit, but a lack of efficiency and strategic planning affects the ability of managers to do their job. The middle manager must take a proactive intrapreneurial approach in communicating and implementing corporate strategic decisions within the unit and in managing the multiple stakeholders, but in return requires more guidance, resources and support from senior management.     

Globalization and the Good Corporation: A Need for Proactive Co-existence

Large corporations are coming under intense pressure to act in a socially responsible manner. Corporations have accepted this notion provided that it is exercised voluntarily. It has also been argued that corporations can do well by doing good, and that good ethics is good business. This paper presents an alternative viewpoint by demonstrating that while voluntary socially responsible conduct is desirable, it plays a rather small role in inspiring good corporate conduct. Instead, (a) it is the external economic-competitive conditions that define the parameters and opportunities for good corporate conduct; and (b) the values and traditions of the corporations, and their perceived risk in exploiting those opportunities, that influence the extent of a corporation's socially responsible conduct. The framework presented here analyzes certain market-competitive conditions, which determine the scope and direction of socially responsible corporate conduct, and the instruments available to society to enhance ethical corporate conduct. It suggests that from society's perspective, we should move away from the notion of corporate social responsibility and toward corporate social accountability. Most modern economies operate under conditions of imperfect competition where corporations gain above-normal profits, i.e., market rent, from market imperfections. Therefore, corporations should be held accountable for a more equitable distribution of these above-normal profits with other groups, e.g., customers, employees, etc., who were deprived of their market-based gains because of market imperfections and corporate power. Three approaches are suggested for measuring corporate accountability through corrections. These are: information imbalance, bargaining power imbalance, and, adjudication, remedy and relief imbalance.     

信息税及其对证券市场会计信息披露问题的治理

随着我国证券市场的发展,证券市场的法定信息披露、信息披露监管、会计准则建设等信息的公共服务越来越重要,而证券市场现行较为单一的证券交易税收制度作为公共服务开支的来源很难保证这些公共服务的有效提供。开征信息税所产生的收入、支出和调节等作用会产生一定的政策效应,如提高证券市场信息披露利益相关者对虚假信息披露问题进行治理参与的积极性,提高信息披露监管、信息披露规则建设和合法信息权利保障工作的财力支持,从而有利于证券市场信息披露质量、信息监管质量的提高,有利于证券市场有效性的提高和信息披露利益相关者合法权益的维护。     

基于利益相关者理论的中国证券公司治理结构的完善

以利益相关者理论为基础对中国证券公司的利益相关者进行分析,分别从股东、决策者和经营者、职工、债权人、客户和政府等利益相关者角度提出了完善证券公司治理结构的措施。     

The Ethical Dimensions of Decision Processes of Employees

The influence of stakeholders, organisational commitment, personal values, goals of the organisation and socio-demographic characteristics of individuals on the ethical dimension of behavioural intentions of employees in various organisations are investigated. The research results show that employees working for the public sector or in educational institutions take more ethical aspects into account than employees working in the "private" sector. The influence of stakeholders and organisational commitment do not significantly affect the ethical behaviour of employees, and only some personal values and goals of the organisation have a significant influence on ethical behaviour. The most significant explanatory factor of ethical decision making seems to be what may be called "stage in the career of the employee": "ethical" employees can be described as young, with a relatively low income, limited work experience and a low level of responsibility in the company.     

两型农业建设中相关利益主体间的博弈分析

资源节约型、环境友好型农业(简称两型农业)建设离不开政府(中央政府和地方政府)、涉农企业和农户。这个过程中也会产生委托—代理问题。基于利益相关者理论,深入分析中央与地方政府之间、地方政府之间、地方政府与涉农企业(农民)之间、涉农企业与农民之间、涉农企业(农民)之间的博弈行为。发展两型农业是利益主体之间动态博弈的结果,但是需要对地方政府、涉农企业和农户实施"引导"。这种"引导",可以使地方政府、涉农企业和农户有充分的信心选择两型生产。需要依靠加大投入力度、促进科技进步、建立科学的政绩评价体系和公众参与制度、加强行业自律和利益协调机制等办法来改进相关主体的博弈行为。     

Examining the process of performance measurement system design and implementation in two Italian public service organizations

In the last two decades, the adoption of new public management (NPM) practices in the public sector has increased as public sector organizations seek to improve efficiency, effectiveness and public accountability. We present case study findings of a NPM initiative to implement balanced scorecard (BSC) performance measurement systems in two Italian public sector organizations. This study considers the question of whether the BSC development process can be effectively translated into the public sector context. Our findings highlight the importance of aligning the development of performance management systems with a greater understanding of the internal and external environment of public sector organizations. Our results further emphasize the significant role of emergent stakeholders and management culture for the success of NPM performance management initiatives.