The scope and scale of the informal food economy of South African urban residential townships: Results of a small-area micro-enterprise census

Growing urbanisation in South Africa is reflected in burgeoning Working class and informal township settlements on the fringes of its major towns and cities. Paired with this is an increasing reliance on cash as the primary means of economic transaction, which has in turn stimulated the growth of micro-enterprise business activities within the township context. This article discusses the findings of an eight-township small-area census which occurred between 2010 and 2013 in Cape Town, Johannesburg, Ekurhuleni and Durban townships representing 250 000 residents. The researchers were able to establish the scope and scale of informal food and drink retailing in these localities. Of the 10 049 micro-enterprises located in the study, some 3966 (or 39% of the total) trade in food. These include enterprises in primary production, fresh produce retailing, grocery retailing from house and spaza shops, and informal foodservice enterprises. Food is the basis for much township informal business and plays an important role in making food increasingly affordable and locally accessible, and in creating cash employment. The article builds on the knowledge base of the township informal economy role in bolstering food security needs for the marginalised.     

可食性小麦蛋白膜的研究

本文介绍了小麦蛋白及其成膜特性,总结了国内外可食性蛋白膜的研究现状,提出了可食性小麦蛋白膜的研究方案,并对膜的安全性及其应用作了展望。     

Awareness of Distributed Denial of Service Attacks' Dangers: Role of Internet Pricing Mechanisms

Denial of Service (DoS) attacks consist of overwhelming a server, a network or a Web site in order to paralyze its normal activity. The additional parameter in Distributed Denial of Service (DdoS) attacks is the distributing strategy. It means that DDoS attacks do not come from a single computer but stem from all accessible channels and servers. Consequences are multiple, ranging from system errors, temporary inability to access the Web site for normal users to challenging the actual reliability of the Internet. Despite this, Internet users show carelessness. The explanation lies in the specificities of DDoS attacks. We explore possibilities to raise users' awareness about the actual amplitude of problems caused by DDoS attacks. We suggest a careful examination of Internet pricing mechanisms and switching from flat to usage-constraining pricing schemes.     

China＇s Social Security： Case Studies of the Interest Groups and Policy Monopoly

This section introduces an asymmetric information model to analyze the interest groups and policy monopoly in social security management, mainly focusing on the relation between the interest groups in the social security products market and the social security government institutions at the central level, namely the major social security policy makers.     

英国养老保险制度浅析

英国是世界上最早建立社会保障制度的国家之一。英国建立的多层次养老体系以及一直贯彻的“普遍性”原则、“最低”原则和“个人责任”原则，值得我们这样一个发展中的经济转型国家研究和借鉴。     

构建我国进城务工人员社会保障制度体系的思考

从进城务工人员这个群体的特殊性出发，构建他们的社会保障制度必须要从我国城乡社会保障及其对接角度通盘考虑。通过建立进城务工人员双重社会保障制度，逐步实现城乡社会保障制度的对接。这既关系进城务工人员的权益问题，也关系城乡社会保障衔接问题，更关系着我国社会保障制度一体化目标的实现问题。     

生态文化旅游的价值评价研究

旅游业已经成为现代经济增长一个新的亮点,特别是生态文化旅游的增长速度更是惊人,而其发展的价值平衡是生态学和经济学必须面对的一个难题。本文依据意大利经济学家帕累托的不均匀分布定律,运用埃奇渥斯盒状分析图,在某一选定的生态资源环境的承载量既定的基础上,从生态文化旅游的价值交换的角度考虑,并且从定性研究转向定量研究,分析研究生态文化旅游的价值帕累托最优曲线,用以筛选生态文化旅游的工程项目。     

城市旅游住宅地产发展研究

随着旅游业与房地产业的进一步深化结合,旅游住宅地产经营模式正在被众多企业广泛采用,成为城市房地产开发的主流之一.本文结合旅游住宅地产开发经营的实际,对其发展类型、经营特点、潜在的机遇与风险进行了系统的分析,阐述了这一经营模式的应用前景和发展趋势,以期对城市旅游住宅地产的实际经营进行有益的探讨.     

美国电子支付安全与防范对中国的启示

商务信息、资金支付和商品配送构成了一个完整的电子商务活动，其中网上支付服务是电子商务中最为关键的要素和最高层次．起着连接买卖双方桥梁的作用.采用网上支付业务，可以减少银行成本，加快业务处理的速度，方便客户，同时有利于银行开拓业务．增加中间业务的收入。但是电子支付的安全性问题成为阻碍人们选择电子支付的主要原因。如何化解人们对电子支付安全性的担忧．是开拓电子支付业务的瓶颈之所在。美国电子支付比我国的发展要早，要更加的成熟，他们的成功做法对于我国来讲具有一定的借鉴意义。     

中国证券市场发展战略研究

本文从制度变迁的角度来探寻中国证券市场的历史变迁与发展战略.本文首先全面阐述了当代金融理论对证券市场功能与作用条件的再认识,认为证券市场的功能发挥必然依靠一国的经济、信用与法治基础.而这更依赖于中国证券市场的制度创新,随后本文在梳理了证券市场制度变迁过程中的几个基本要素的基础上,针对我国目前证券市场发展的现状与存在的问题,指出制度创新单一主体的局限性,提出了以政府为主、市场为辅转化为以市场为主、政府为辅的渐进式制度变迁路径.