Research Note: Revisiting Fair Value Accounting––Measuring Commercial Banks' Liabilities

IAS 39, Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement (IASB, 2000), requires assets to be marked to fair value if held-for-trading, available-for-sale purposes, or if they are derivatives; held-to-maturity securities, originated loans and originated securities are measured at amortized cost, providing they are not held-for-trading. Financial liabilities are measured at amortized cost except those that are held-for-trading or derivatives. A proposed amendment would accommodate improved fair value measurement of financial instruments. Commercial banks are greatly affected by any accounting standard concerning the recognition and measurement of financial instruments, whether related to assets or liabilities. This article demonstrates that the existing and proposed standards perpetuate the mismeasurement of interest rate risk for commercial banks. Under IAS 39 banks that have a balanced position, that is, no interest rate risk, counterfactually could show large changes in income through interest rate changes. An alternative accounting treatment, full fair value reporting of financial assets and liabilities, including all loans and deposits, is offered. Presently fair value data are mandated as footnote disclosure.     

开放视角下的国家综合负债风险与市场化分担

随着中国经济金融的日益开放,中国国家综合负债的规模与结构在动态变化:一方面,国家综合负债的某些旧因素(如银行不良资产)的存在形式发生了变化,另一方面,国家综合负债的一些新因素(社保基金缺口、巴塞尔协议的顺周期影响和汇率波动导致的外汇资产损失)开始显现。从开放视角考察,中国的国家综合负债风险形势仍较为严峻。在政府承担社会性支出的基础上,更多地重视和运用市场化分担方式是化解和防范国家综合负债风险的基本途径,保持经济持续稳定增长是应对国家综合负债风险的根本保障。     

印度央行资产负债与财务状况分析及启示

为了加强会计报表的可读性和信息披露,印度于2012年和2013年成立了两个技术委员会,审议了印度央行资产负债表和损益表的格式和披露内容以及印度央行各项内部准备金和盈余分配政策的标准及适当性,其资产负债表、损益表和部分会计政策经历了大幅变化。自2009年至2018年十年间,印度央行资产负债规模从15.53万亿增长至41.03万亿,增长2.82倍,收入总额亦波动上升。本文对印度央行近十年的资产负债和财务状况进行了分析,并提出了对我国中央银行资产负债表和损益表管理的借鉴。     

浅谈合并报表企业所得税的处理

本文将从账面价值与计税基础的角度对合并财务报表中由于内部交易产生的有关所得税问题进行分析，并进行相应的抵销处理，以客观、合理地反映企业集团整体的财务状况和经营成果。     

国有控股上市公司负债破产威胁功效初探

以国家股和国有法人控股在50%以上的上市公司为研究对象,根据破产威胁模型和相机治理原理,运用健康指数对国有控股上市公司负债的破产威胁功效进行分析、验证,得出了目前在我国的国有控股上市公司中,负债无法发挥破产威胁功效的结论.     

Outward FDI and profitability of emerging economy firms: Diversifying from home resource dependence in early stage internationalization

We investigate the effect of conducting FDI on the profitability of emerging economy firms in early stage internationalization. We argue that FDI can be an effective strategy to alleviate liabilities of emergingness, thus generating positive performance outcomes. We hypothesize that, contingent on factors altering motivation and capability of firms to diversify from home resource dependence, emerging economy firms can benefit from conducting FDI, resulting in a greater rate of intangible assets growth and enhanced profitability. Using panel data of Chinese firms prior to the global financial crisis, and through combining matching techniques with difference-in-difference analysis, we find empirical support for our arguments.     

Optimal close-to-home biases in asset allocation

This article studies optimal portfolio decisions with (long-term) liabilities for small open economy based investors, including the optimality of currency hedging (Walker (2008a). Chile is the home country of the representative investor, but results are likely to hold more generally. The problem is set up as in [Sharpe & Tint, 1990] and [Hoevenaars et al., 2007]. Hedging the liabilities and the consumption currency may imply optimal close-to-home biases, defined as overweighting asset classes which are highly correlated with local ones. The implementation challenges include: developing a methodology to estimate expected returns in local (real) currency; estimating the covariance matrix allowing for serial and crossed-serial correlations; and checking the results' robustness using a resampling method. The findings are: (i) portfolios always have optimal close-to-home biases, beyond the investment in local fixed income to hedge liabilities; (ii) currency hedging reduces investment in close-to-home asset classes, (iii) but has ambiguous effects on welfare — detected with the resampling method; (iv) currency hedged long-term US bonds are useful for hedging local interest rate risk; and (v) liabilities give access to high risk-return portfolios, not affecting otherwise the overall shape of the efficient regions. This article can be useful to investors based on small open economies, including pension funds, insurance companies, sovereign wealth funds and Central Banks.     

利率市场化对商业银行利差变动的影响分析—基于资产负债结构的计量框架与实证研究

基于科学区分总体利差变动与利率市场化政策导致的利差变动的思路,从中央银行基准利率调控和商业银行资产负债结构差异入手,研究利率市场化对商业银行存贷利差变动的影响。结果显示,利率市场化对存款利率新增上浮区间的影响明显加大,而对贷款利率新增下浮区间的影响总体较小,利率市场化不是当前净利差收窄的主要原因。     

Market Value Accounting in the Financial Services Sector

The past decade witnessed a deregulatory programme in Australia's financial sector. Market valuation of assets and liabilities has been required as a complement to historical costs in some cases, in others market values substitute for them. Interest in issues arising with market values has been heightened by the exposure draft on financial investments issued by the Australian Accounting Research Foundation in 1993. This article argues that the market valuation proposals offered in Exposure Draft 59 have not been argued effectively and explained sufficiently to secure their implementation.     

注册会计师对第三人民事责任的理论研究

注册会计师对第三人民事责任是侵权领域的一个特殊问题,必须紧紧围绕注册会计师行业和社会公众的利益平衡,在侵权法的框架下重建注册会计师对第三人民事责任的基本归责原则,创建与第三人范围相对应的民事责任具体归责原则,确立比例责任为注册会计师民事责任的基本赔偿制度,构筑独立鉴定人名册制度、随机选任制度和鉴定人出庭作证制度合一的专家鉴定制度。