社会养老保险财务机制的分析与选择

本文对社会养老保险财务机制的基本原理和理论进行了介绍和分析,并结合我国社会养老保险实际,对现行的社会养老保险财务机制进行了剖析,并对近期与远期的社会养老保险财务机制的选择提出了建议。     

Integrating retirement and permanent disability in NDC pension schemes

In this article, we develop a theoretical basis for integrating retirement and permanent disability using a generic nonfinancial defined contribution framework. The methodology we use relies on a multistate overlapping generations model that includes the so-called survivor dividend. Currently, this feature can only be found in the Swedish defined contribution (DC) scheme. The results achieved in the numerical example we present endorse the fact that the model works well. Special attention is given to the assumptions made about mortality rates for disabled people and disability incidence rates, which largely determine the contribution rate assigned to disability. The model could be of interest to policymakers because, after some adaptations, it could be implemented without too much difficulty and would uncover the real cost of disability and minimize the risk of disability insurance being used as a vote-buying mechanism.     

现收现付制与人口老龄化关系定量分析

中国目前的养老保险和医疗保险实行的是基金积累制为主的筹资模式。按照有关文献的解释 ,这是因为中国正面临着人口迅速老龄化的压力 ,现收现付制不能有效应对人口老龄化 ,而基金积累制则不存在这一问题。本文构造了一个模型 ,详细分析了现收现付制与人口老龄化的关系 ,给出人口老龄化是否导致现收现付制发生支付危机的定量判别条件 ,并根据人口学相关理论和人口资料预测了 2 0 0 1— 2 0 60年中国人口老龄化趋势 ,从而检验了人口老龄化是否引发现收现付制的支付危机 ,同时给出了现收现付制度下养老金缴费率和人均养老金水平增长率的确定原则。     

PAYG pension systems with capital mobility

This paper studies the design of an optimal pension scheme in an OLG and open economy model. The pension scheme provides a flat rate benefit and is based on the PAYG principle. It thus combines inter- and intra-generational redistribution. In this setting a number of symmetric economies are connected by an open and perfect capital market. When this number is very large, we have the small open economy case; when it is reduced to one, we have the case of autarky or perfect coordination. As the number of countries increases, there is more intragenerational redistribution, but less capital accumulation. JEL Code H55 · H87     

INSURANCE BY GOVERNMENT OR AGAINST GOVERNMENT? OVERVIEW OF PUBLIC RISK MANAGEMENT POLICIES

In what contexts is it desirable that the government, rather than the private sector, takes on the role of an insurer and helps people reduce risks? Our discussion implies that while in a number of areas individuals benefit from well-designed insurance provided by their government, ill-designed public policies (for example existing pay-as-you-go pension systems) force individuals to insure against their government. It is further discussed how governments could improve their risk managing role in many areas by using income contingent loans, provided the country has high-quality institutions and governance. Such loans to artists, sportspeople, flood victims or collapsing financial institutions would replace the existing nonrepayable transfers, grants, subsidies and bailouts. Using a simple efficiency-equity-sustainability framework for comparing income contingent schemes with conventional public and private insurance policies, we document that this would enable governments to extend their insurance assistance to a greater number of people and institutions – in a way that is not only equitable but also efficient and fiscally sustainable.     

Are family allowances and fertility-related pensions perfect substitutes?

This paper discusses alternative ways to deal with the positive externalities of having children in a pay-as-you-go pension system. Family allowances are compared to introducing a fertility-related component into the pension formula. In an endogenous labor supply setting, both instruments are shown to be equivalent if general pensions are related to previous contributions. In contrast, if general pensions are of the flat-rate type, making pensions contingent on the number of children is generally preferable to family allowances because the latter creates a larger tax load on labor supply.      

智利养老金制度模式对我国的借鉴意义

智利上世纪80年代对养老金制度进行了大幅度的改革,变现收现付制为个人基金制,养老基金实行私有化管理,基金管理与监督分开。智利创立的基金制是国际的典范,对我国的借鉴意义在于：＂补偿账户＂模式对劳动者养老起到积极的作用,保持了养老基金的可持续性;缩短最低缴费年限;试点推行养老金的私有化管理;投资渠道应实现多元化和分散化;采取积极措施,使基金监督机构与管理主体相互独立。     

现收现付制养老保险对储蓄的影响——基于中国面板数据的实证研究

本文计算了我国养老保险现收现付制部分财富价值,并运用中国30个省份2002～2007年的相关面板数据考察了我国现收现付制养老保险对于储蓄的影响。研究结果表明,现收现付制养老保险对我国居民消费有显著的正向影响,即存在对储蓄的挤出;养老保险财富对消费的影响小于收入对消费的影响;我国养老保险对储蓄的挤出效应并不小,同时在不断扩大。因此,针对我国储蓄率过高的问题,可以通过扩大养老保险覆盖面等方法增加养老保险财富,促进经济的健康发展。     

平均替代率、目标替代率与养老金压力估计

虽然传统现收现付制承诺了目标替代率不变,但一般并非以平均替代率来衡量。一个从较高平均替代率水平转轨而来的制度中,大多数情形下平均替代率是逐渐下降的,只有当平均替代率下降到远低于目标替代率水平时,平均替代率才有可能趋向稳定或出现上升。中国城镇职工基本养老保险的平均替代率已经处于低位,近年来观测到的平均替代率水平不断下降的现象是制度转轨的必然现象。测算表明,如果假定平均替代率水平维持目标替代率水平保持不变,将高估制度维持资金平衡所需的缴费率水平和资金缺口,并将改变制度盈余的根本性质。     

Pensions with endogenous and stochastic fertility

This paper studies the design of a pay-as-you-go social security system in an overlapping generations model where fertility is in part stochastic and in part determined through capital investment. If investments are publicly observable, pension benefits must be linked positively to the level of investment, and payroll taxes negatively to the number of children. The outcome is characterized by full insurance with all parents, regardless of their number of children, enjoying identical consumption levels. Without observability, benefits must increase, and payroll taxes decrease, with the number of children. The second-best level of investment, and the resulting average fertility rate, are less than their corresponding first-best levels.