湖南利用外资的三大结构分析

湖南利用外资的产业结构中制造业与房地产业是外商投资的密集产业.湖南利用外资形式以对外借款和外商直接投资为主.从分布结构来看,湖南利用外资主要集中在沿京广线的五个主要城市.     

基于灰关联分析的高校体育场馆利用评价研究

从社会效益和经济效益两方面出发,选取了影响高校体育场馆利用的主要指标,构建了体育场馆利用效益评价指标体系,并根据实际情况对所选指标进行了合理的量化。此外,利用AHP法确定了指标体系中各指标的权重。最后,提出了基于灰关联分析的体育场馆利用评价方法,为体育场馆量化评价提供了理论与数据依据。     

辽宁沿海经济带工业遗产保护与旅游利用模式

辽宁沿海经济带工业遗产是辽宁乃至东北地区工业遗产的重要组成部分,充分展现了辽宁开埠通商之后沿海地区工业文化的发展成就与巨大创造.文章分析了辽宁沿海经济带工业遗产构成,工业遗产保护成果、存在问题以及旅游利用的整体状况,以此为基础提出了政府主导、区域合作、点-轴开发、创意产业带动四种发展模式,推动辽宁沿海经济带建设、东北老...     

Roadmap for interactive exploration of sustainable development opportunities: The use of simple instruments in the complex setting of bottom-up processes in rural areas

Before embarking on the development of rural areas or regions it seems necessary to answer the following key questions: what goals of the parties involved can be realized, and where, when and how? To tackle these questions we have developed a ‘roadmap’, as part of an overall sustainable development procedure for physical planning and spatial management in rural areas. The roadmap is a tool for the process manager and the people involved. It helps to find the way in the exploration of the potential social, economic and ecological benefits of developing the area or region. The purpose of using the roadmap is to alleviate doubts about the advantages of cooperating in pursuit of sustainable development. A back-casting approach is applied to create appealing visions of the future and visualize mutual opportunities worth implementing. In this article we first describe the need for this new roadmap. We then describe its use, step by step and in some detail. An example of the exploration process is described and the strengths and weaknesses of the roadmap are discussed.     

新疆吐鲁番市水资源利用状况分析

随着新疆工作座谈会的召开和新一轮对口援疆工作的全面实施,吐鲁番的工业经济发展面临着新的历史机遇,同时也面临着水资源短缺的瓶颈制约。本文首先对吐鲁番市水资源总体状况进行了分析,在此基础上对吐鲁番市水资源利用中存在的问题和原因进行了分析,最后提出了一些对策建议。     

技术引进与外资利用：促进科技产业发展的战略与政策

本文首先通过对我国外资利用及国内外经济技术竞争的分析．作出基本的判断，在对国内外结构性调整及政策性因素的影响进行讨论后，从宏观发展视角．对我国利用外资中引进技术存在的体制、政策等作出分析；最后，根据跨国企业直接投资将成为未来我国外资主要构成的预期．提出着眼于长远发展利益的我国引进技术和利用外资的战略与政策。     

非物质文化遗产的商业化利用与知识产权保护

非物质文化遗产作为一种智力创作成果,涉及很多知识产权或无形财产,价值不菲,具有比普通文化遗产更高更多的含金量,在一定程度上代表着一个地方的文化竞争力,具有潜在的利用价值。在对非物质文化遗产商业化利用过程中,将其智力成果和无形财产纳入到知识产权保护体系中来,值得深入研究。     

Adalimumab,etanercept, and infliximab utilization patterns and drug costs among rheumatoid arthritis patients

Abstract

Objectives:

To evaluate the utilization patterns of the anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) agents Humira (adalimumab), Enbrel (etanercept), and Remicade (infliximab) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and compare medication costs during the first year of treatment. (Humira is a registered trademark of Abbott Laboratories, IL; Enbrel is a registered trademark of Immunex Corporation, CA; and Remicade is a registered trademark of Janssen Biotech, Inc., PA).

Methods:

This retrospective analysis of medical and pharmacy claims included patients who were aged ≥18 years, had ≥2 RA diagnosis codes, and had ≥365 days of persistence with the index anti-TNF. Patients excluded had claims for anti-TNF agents within 6 months before the index date. Refill patterns for adalimumab and etanercept, number of infliximab infusions, time between infusions, and dose per infusion were analyzed for 12 months. Direct anti-TNF medication costs were compared among anti-TNFs for the initial treatment year.

Results:

Infliximab-treated patients (n?=?457) were significantly older than adalimumab- (n?=?337) or etanercept-treated patients (n?=?902). Time between refills was longer than recommended for 28% and 30% of adalimumab and etanercept refill periods, respectively. Potential cumulative time without therapy was 33 days for adalimumab and 43 days for etanercept. Statistically significant differences in mean per-patient anti-TNF medication costs for the first year were reported for adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab ($14,991, $13,361, and $18,139, respectively; p?<?0.0001); however, a cost assessment using labeled dosing of the anti-TNF agents with optimal treatment compliance yielded comparable annual medication costs.

Limitations:

This analysis only evaluated utilization patterns for selected anti-TNF agents and was not inclusive of other medications that patients may have been using for RA. Absolute patient adherence could not be assessed due to lack of information on how patients were self-administering adalimumab and etanercept or if samples of the agents were made available.

Conclusions:

This study identified gaps in patients’ refills compared with prescriber recommendations. The infliximab-treated group had infusion patterns consistent with prescribing information. Potential clinical and economic implications of dose attenuation with adalimumab and etanercept should be explored further.     

后危机时期中西部利用外商直接投资研究——基于对国际直接投资理论的思考

金融危机以来在内外环境大变化的情况下,中国利用外商直接投资也出现了新的发展趋势,出现外商直接投资向中西部转移的迹象.中西部地区应抓住机遇,充分发挥后发优势,借鉴东南沿海省份及国外招商引资发展经济的路径,承接好国际、国内产业转移,调整结构,抢占市场.采取正确引导外商投资的措施,鼓励外资进入中西部地区的优势行业的同时,从国际直接投资理论和现实国情、省情出发,寻找中西部省份引进外商直接投资的制约因素与突破路径,努力实现超越传统的代工和低端引进外资的路径.