From goulash communism to goulash populism: the unwanted legacy of Hungarian reform socialism

The systemic change of 1989/1990 is usually identified as the critical juncture in the modern economic history of post-communist economies. While the change itself was indeed a remarkable moment in time, a branching point from which a multitude of new paths originated in most of the countries in Central and Eastern Europe, this was only partially true in the case of Hungary. If a critical juncture is sought for Hungary, it is more likely to be 1968, the year the New Economic Mechanism was launched. By applying the conceptual framework of historical institutionalism, the article argues that what made Hungary unique during the communist era and what rendered its position as a (one-time) frontrunner proved to be a serious constraint after the systemic change. The legacy of a pre-born welfare state, the constant need for compensating potential losers of any economic reform, along with short-sighted decision-making, have together generated specific path dependencies in the Hungarian trajectory of economic development.     

Healthy Business Environment According to the General Theory of Sustainable Development

The article continues thinking about prospective of human society. Is the healthy business environment a fiction or a real opportunity？ How far-reaching are the roots of the future natural processes of changes？ How to work with the current global economic models？ Can the current European integration process be considered as natural？ Is a weak state a new opportunity for a future strong economy？ What is the historical essence of the liberal thought？ Why the current economic models are not permanent, why are they not sustainable, and why are they not developing for the basic quantum, which is the man as an individual？ Can also the basic quantum be integration units as family, society, company, municipality, region, country, or EU, etc.？ Qualified answers to the questions can be seen in a theoretical context of the General Theory of the Sustainable Development （GTSD）, too. Theoretical trinity of GTSD is based on three theoretical pillars： GPT （Gravitation Polarity Theory）, QET （Quantum Economy Theory）, and BIT （Big Integration Theory）. They can be considered as relevant theoretical basics for historical, current, and future sustainable development process. The healthy business environment is based on the healing of man. In GTSD, businessman and man gain a new source of knowledge, a new natural relationship, and a new content. This is a responsibility towards the customer and towards the pa~ner in business. Businessman＇s profit speaks about a new business in natural partnerships. Sustainable development without the Groove Management （second generation management） and without the fourth Reformation （with second generation of innovation） is a process that only reflects the regressive trend that takes place for more than 6000 years. Without the new content of the Fifth Theoretical Dimension （Consciousness） the historical mainstream of sustainable development process cannot be grasped. The biggest risk for the expected Healthy business society is a contemporary slave commun     

Protecting Intellectual Property Rights: The Special Case of China

China is the largest source of counterfeit goods. Both U.S. and European Union customs statistics put the People's Republic of China at the top of the list of pirated product seizures. Along with the remarkable growth in the Chinese economy and exports has come the growth of counterfeit product production and distribution throughout the world. To present a full picture of the many intellectual property rights (IPR) protection problems in China this article reviews Chinese history and traditional attitudes toward individual ownership of IP under Confucianism and communism. Finally, the article presents a view of the current enforcement of IPR rights in China describing the major difficulties encountered by rights owners.     

和谐社会:当代中国社会发展的价值理想

面对全球化时代的挑战,当代中国提出了"和谐社会"思想,其实质是确立当代中国社会发展的价值理想。这一社会发展理想可以从三个方面加以理解。首先,和谐社会是通向共产主义的必然环节;其次,和谐社会是中国优秀传统文化的内在要求;最后,和谐社会体现了全球化时代的中华民族精神。     

Editorial

No abstract available for this article.     

马克思、恩格斯的公平思想及其启示

马克思、恩格斯认为公平是一个历史范畴,它包括政治、社会及经济诸多方面内容.它不仅要求法律上平等,而且要求实际平等.他们认为资本主义的平等只是形式的表面(法律上)的平等,社会主义形式上平等和实际不平等不可避免.要实现真正平等,必须消除剥削制度,实现共产主义.     

Anti‐Communism,The Growth Machine and the Remaking of Cold‐War‐Era Pittsburgh

This article develops a new perspective on urban growth machines through an analysis of the relationship between Pittsburgh's Renaissance and cold‐war‐era anti‐communism. In order to facilitate urban (re)development, growth machines foster a shared sense of metropolitan citizenship and a corresponding ideological belief that coalitions of business, government and other elite actors can renew regions for the collective good of their residents. During the early years of the cold war, anti‐communism was a key means by which growth machines could create this shared sense of metropolitan belonging. The members of Pittsburgh's widely celebrated growth coalition used anti‐communism to advance their interests in four key ways: (1) by encouraging residents to see the Renaissance as part of the larger struggle against communism; (2) by eliminating a deeply rooted radical political culture; (3) by, in the process, curtailing opposition to their effort to remake the region into a post‐industrial economy based on free capital mobility; and (4) by having it serve as a shared tactic and ideology that stitched together and legitimated capitalist development at all scales from the factory to the globe. Pittsburgh's Renaissance provides an important example of how growth machines not only produce space, but also citizenship and the conditions of political possibility.     

The dialectics of human resource management in Cuba

Dialectical theory is applied to the examination of how institutional and organizational level changes are leading to a new human resource management (HRM) paradigm in Cuba. The paper starts with a general overview of economy and enterprise in Cuba, which serves to expose the nature of the pressures and contradictions facing managers and organizations in this country. Based on a focus group study, an analysis of the process of change in the HRM paradigm as perceived by a sample of Cuban managers is presented. The emerging dialectical paradigm is to a great extent influenced by the institutional context, namely by the control of the state. The state's role in the protection of the communist principles, combined with the need to open the economy to the logic of the market, is constituting a singular case in the world of management in general and of HRM in particular: that of a communist country with an increasingly market-based economy, where the socialist cadre is simultaneously becoming a market-oriented HR manager.     

对苏联社会主义模式的评价——兼论苏共执政惰性

苏联模式曾创造过辉煌的历史,从列宁积极的"试错"式的探索到斯大林模式的成型,苏联社会主义模式失败的教训应该是在苏共长期执政中,往往偏好于寻求一种捷径,最终导致了苏共的执政惰性,把苏联推到崩溃的境地。     

赫鲁晓夫20年“实现共产主义”口号评析

1961年,赫鲁晓夫在苏共22大上提出,到1980年左右“在苏联基本上建成共产主义社会”的诱人口号,不仅有国内原因,也有特定的国际背景.这一口号是一个既超越20世纪中后期苏联生产力发展水平,又超越人们思想觉悟的“冒进”口号.历史已经证明,苏联1980年“实现共产主义”的宏伟蓝图完全就是纸上谈兵.社会主义建设通常少不了鼓舞人心、催人奋进的标语、口号和计划,但是提出这些东西一定要从实际出发.根本实现不了的目标,难免会被看作是自欺欺人的自我陶醉.