欧盟的东扩与标准化进程

作为欧洲单一市场保障的重要因素，标准化在欧盟东扩中发挥着重要作用。为帮助候选国达到入盟标准并采用欧盟的立法框架，欧盟、欧洲标准化委员会及欧盟各国均采取了一些措施。在各方的共同努力下，欧盟标准的一体化工作取得了明显进展。     

The Challenge Facing SMEs in the Eu’s New Member States

The paper considers the main threats and opportunities for SMEs in new member states, arising out of EU membership, including the implications for SMEs at the micro level. Whilst accession-related changes have important potential implications for firms of all sizes, the distinctive size-related characteristics of SMEs affect their ability to identify, cope with and respond to new sources of threat and opportunity. These potential impacts face new member countries at a relatively early stage in the development of market-based systems, which still contain many deficiencies (particularly in institutional terms) and a SME sector with many characteristics that reflect its fledgling status.     

Growth at the EU periphery: the next enlargement

In 2004, 75 million people are scheduled to become EU citizens, making this the largest round of expansion of the Western European club to date. Of the 10 new entrants, 8 are former socialist economies, for which membership in the EU represents the coronation of an effort began with the fall of the Berlin wall in 1989. Based on their recent economic performance, the Central and Eastern European countries appear to be well on their way to successfully integrate in the Western European club, while the Baltic Republics still lag behind. The gap between the two groups emerges when we consider the adjustment of the production structure, the composition of trade and FDI flows, and income distribution. The evidence we review appears to support the role of institutional quality to facilitate integration in the world market and overall economic performance.     

对缩小收入差距问题的远近期思考

国际上通常使用基尼系数作为衡量一个国家或地区收入差距的重要标志。我国居民收入基尼系数不仅高于国际通行标准，也高于发达国家。收入差距扩大已经成为影响消费规模扩大、社会安定的重要因素之一。一般认为，经济发展会进一步扩大收入差距。治理并缩小收入差距应标本兼治：短期内可以依靠收入转移、完善社会保障系统等手段；从长期看，深化经济体制改革、促进经济健康稳定发展才是缩小乃至逐步消除收入差距的根本途径。     

Which commercial partners are important for the most recently admitted EU countries?

This paper describes the degree of trade integration inside the European Union (EU) after the fifth enlargement in 2004. To achieve this goal, we build a database of information on trade flows between the new EU countries (EU‐10) and 180 commercial partners in six different sectors from 1999 to 2011. Using the standard gravity model and estimating a difference‐in‐differences specification, we analyze how joining the EU affected the intensity and direction of the EU‐10's trade flows. Our results show that though trade exchanges between the EU‐10 and EU‐15 intensified after 2004, the impact of integration was much more significant to the EU‐10 group.     

Stuck outside the single market; Evidence from firms in central and eastern Europe

Border effects on firms’ performance are typically estimated following reduced barriers to trade, for instance due to new trade agreements. This paper estimates a border effect on increasing barriers for firms located outside of a new external EU border following the 2004 and 2007 EU enlargement. In a repeated cross-section of three flows of EBRD-World Bank survey data, the study encompasses 23 border regions in 10 countries, four of which bordered new EU/Schengen countries. Taking border transformations as exogenous changes to firms’ environments, and focusing on small and medium-sized enterprises near borders, the results indicate that five years after enlargement, firms in non-EU member states near a new external EU border experienced a fall in sales of 40% and exports of 70% relative to firms near borders that did not change. Firms on the EU side of the same border experienced no such negative effect. Ten years after enlargement, the negative effects effectively disappeared.     

经济回暖 扩大内需不能松劲

当前我国宏观经济呈现回暖趋向 ,但有效需求不足仍是经济运行中的主要矛盾。能否解决好这个矛盾 ,关系到经济发展的全局。把扩大内需作为经济发展的基本立足点 ,既是缓解当前有效需求不足的重要举措 ,也是促进国民经济持续、快速、健康发展的战略抉择。扩大内需包括扩大投资需求和扩大消费需求。在我国经济发展现阶段 ,无论投资需求还是消费需求 ,都具有很大的扩张余地和增长潜力 ,足以支撑国民经济保持稳定增长的良好局面。     

财政均等化:增值税扩围改革下转移支付方案的选择导向

增值税转型实施后,增值税的扩围改革提上议事日程,这一改革将重构中央和地方的利益格局。在现行财政体制框架下,转移支付制度是弥合地方政府利益受损的有效途径,而不同的转移支付方式将产生不同的政策效应。以1994年分税制改革以来的财政数据为基础,应用SPSS的相关分析,从财政均等化的维度来考量各转移支付方式。为增值税和营业税一体化改革下的转移支付方案选择提供了政策依据,并提出了相关的建议。     

增值税和营业税一体化改革下的转移支付方案选择——基于财政均等化视角

增值税转型实施后,增值税的扩围改革提上议事日程,这一改革将重构中央和地方的利益格局。在现行财政体制框架下,转移支付制度是弥合地方政府利益受损的有效途径,而不同的转移支付方式将产生不同的政策效应。本文以1994年分税制改革以来的财政数据为基础,应用SPSS的相关分析,从财政均等化的维度来考量各转移支付方式。从而为增值税和营业税一体化改革下的转移支付方案选择提供了政策依据,并提出了相关的建议。     

Migrant networks, language learning and tourism employment

This paper examines the relationship between migrants’ social networks, the processes of language acquisition and tourism employment. Data collected using netnography and interviews are used to identify the strategies that Polish workers in the UK use to develop their language skills. The paper highlights the roles played by co-workers, co-nationals and customers in migrants’ language learning, both in the physical spaces of work and the virtual spaces of internet forums. It also shows how migrant workers exchange knowledge about the use of English during different stages of their migration careers: prior to leaving their country of origin and getting a job, during their employment and after leaving their job. Implications for academic inquiry and human resource management practice are outlined.