Efficient Liability Rules: Complete Characterization

Received May, 18, 2000; revised version received March, 19, 2001     

大学生人文素质的疏离与重建

人类创造的全部文化 ,包括科技和人文两部分。他们相辅相成 ,共同促进人类的发展与进步。可如今高等教育的现实却是 ,科学技术日益受到崇拜 ,而人文素质教育则逐渐疏离。在更加强调“以德治国”的今天 ,大学教育不应是科技与人文的分离 ,而应是二者的渐趋融合 ,正确认识科学技术的作用与限度 ,关注和营造人情化的生活世界     

On the efficiency of the negligence rule

The three versions of the negligence rule discussed in the literature differ regarding whether a negligent injurer is liable for the entire loss or only for the incremental loss; or regarding whether negligence is defined as failure to take at least due care or failure to take a cost‐justified precaution. It is shown in the paper that the incremental version with untaken precaution notion of negligence is not efficient; not even for the unilateral case. The paper also establishes, for the bilateral case, the efficiency of the incremental version with the shortfall‐from‐due‐care way of defining negligence.     

论倒签提单的法律性质

倒签提单是海上贸易中常见的一种行为，因倒签提单引起的争议案件也常有发生，严重扰乱了正常的国际贸易秩序。虽然倒签提单在我国的司法实践中通常被认定为一种侵权行为，然而在学术界关于倒签提单的性质仍然存在不同的观点。通过对诸多观点的分析与评价，提出对倒签提单法律性质的看法。     

Auditor Reputation Under Different Negligence Regimes

Do auditor reputation effects evolve the same way under precise negligence as under vague negligence? Or are there differences? We assume that investors update their beliefs on unobservable auditor quality when an auditor discloses an inaccurate report. We call this a reputation effect. A necessary condition for reputation effects to occur is that, ex ante, investors expect ‘good’ auditors to take more care than ‘bad’ auditors such that ‘good’ auditors are less likely to issue an inaccurate report. Consistent with empirical evidence, we assume that wealthier (‘good’) auditors tend to take more care than less wealthy (‘bad’) auditors. We find that under vague negligence, reputation effects will occur, inducing both types of auditor to increase the level of care taken. A ‘good’ auditor is likely to exert excessive care. Then, even in the absence of auditor risk aversion, a (properly defined) liability cap is necessary to induce efficient incentives. A contractual liability cap is preferable to a legally fixed liability cap. Under precise negligence, a ‘good’ auditor will exert the standard of due care. However, a ‘bad’ auditor will also do so if sufficiently wealthy. Consequently, ex ante, investors do not expect different levels of care to be taken or reputation effects to occur. A liability cap is not desirable. This paper highlights the importance of non‐legal sanctions in auditor liability. Finally, it links the ‘reputation’ and ‘deep pocket’ hypotheses, both of which have attempted separately in the past to explain the positive correlation between auditor size and auditor quality.     

法经济学视野下的违约归责原则

法经济学分析表明,由于注意标准模糊,过失责任规则可能导致无效率和不公平的结果,违约归责应采用具有共同过失抗辩的严格责任规则.鉴于违约责任的特殊性,应利用可预见性规则和守约人减损义务规则,将守约人的过失限定在不适当地扩大违约损失这种特殊情况.这不仅可以避免违约人逃避责任的可能性,同时也避免了补偿悖论问题.     

“危险驾驶”行为不宜独立设罪——对刑法修正案（八）第二十二条的评析

危险驾驶行为有巨大的社会危险性,刑法修正案（八）将飙车、醉酒驾驶等危险驾驶行为纳入刑法打击的范围,迎合了社会公众要求打击此类行为的舆论。但是,单独设立危险驾驶罪有悖刑法谦抑性,会造成刑法规范之间的不协调和实践操作上的困难。通过解释和完善现有刑法规范,完全可以满足对高危驾驶行为进行刑事处罚的需要。因此,在刑法中单设危险驾驶罪没有必要。     

Optimal Sharing of Foodborne Illness Prevention between Consumers and Industry: The Effect of Regulation and Liability

Consumers and the food industry can both prevent foodborne illness. Two questions are explored: what is the socially optimal level of preventative effort by each and can tort and regulatory instruments induce such behavior? Analysis is complicated by two aspects of food safety technology: one party's effort can affect the marginal effectiveness of the other party's effort and damage functions can be nonconvex. Previous analysis of accidents under torts and regulation fails to consider these generalizations. Indeed, results concerning the ability of tort and regulatory instruments to induce first-best and second-best behavior often contradict previous results in the literature.     

《侵权责任法》视角下的医疗损害责任鉴定与医疗事故技术鉴定

本文通过对医疗损害和医疗事故、医疗损害司法鉴定和医疗事故技术鉴定的分析比较,提出构建统一的医疗损害责任鉴定制度,为解决现实中二元化鉴定格局所产生的矛盾和问题提供借鉴和参考。     

论倒签提单的法律性质

倒签提单是海上贸易中常见的一种行为,因倒签提单引起的争议案件也常有发生,严重扰乱了正常的国际贸易秩序。虽然倒签提单在我国的司法实践中通常被认定为一种侵权行为,然而在学术界关于倒签提单的性质仍然存在不同的观点。通过对诸多观点的分析与评价,提出对倒签提单法律性质的看法。