浅析语义模糊与语用模糊

国内外许多学者和研究人员对语义模糊进行了一系列比较深入的研究,而对于言语交际中存在的语用模糊现象的研究并不多见,因此对于二者的对比分析有一定的必要性。本文首先区别了语义模糊和语用模糊的概念,接着具体讨论了区分二者的方法,然后分别从谈话者和听话者角度论述了生成语义模糊和语用模糊的手段。本文的目的主要是澄清语义模糊和语用模糊的概念,并引起大家对语用模糊的更多关注。     

元语用意识与含糊语用的功能研究

人类元语用意识的使用受社交世界、心理世界和具体场合的制约。元语用意识和含糊语用的关系十分密切,元语用意识的强弱与含糊语用的高低成正比。     

论幽默语言的模糊性

幽默语言是理解层面上的模糊语言，它同模糊语言学中所讨论的既有原型、又有边缘情况的模糊语言是不同的，其模糊性更多地体现在语境的模糊上，语义解释也强烈依赖语境的暗示。而模糊语言学中的模糊语言的产生来源于人类思维的模糊或事物本体的模糊，其实质是概念的不确定性，由词语的语义模糊体现，该模糊性是不能在语境中消除的。模糊语言在语义上的分类有助于人们更好地理解幽默语言。     

On the Asymmetry of the Vagueness Band in Willingness to Pay Answers

The NOAA panel for Contingent Valuation opened up the question of the possibility of using trichotomous choice discrete formats in CV studies. In this paper we show how the trichotomous choice format can be used for testing the successfulness of the project definition in the questionnaire. We shall define the vagueness band around the true outcome of the project to be valued and we allow it to be asymmetric. It is shown how this asymmetry can be modelled and estimated. We also show how these new models are generalisations of ordinary ordered probit/logit models.     

When is good news really good news?

The impression management literature suggests that managers often resort to biased disclosures. However, there is little systematic evidence on what types of strategies management uses to achieve this bias. Do managers simply lie? Or, do they use more subtle ways of introducing positive bias into corporate narratives, such as selecting specific information items which result in a more positive impression (‘selectivity’) or by keeping their narratives vague and general (‘vagueness’)? In order to differentiate between the two scenarios, I re-examine the positive forward-looking statements examined by Schleicher and Walker (2010) and compare, across firms with improving and deteriorating financial performance, the managerial choices made in relation to eight forecast attributes.

I make two observations. First, there are significant differences in the characteristics of good- and bad-news firms’ positive statements. In particular, bad-news firms’ positive statements involve more non-specific time horizons, more segmental forecasts, and more references to conditions and aims and objectives, but fewer directional forecasts, fewer numbers, and fewer reinforcing qualifiers. Second, the identified differences in good- and bad-news firms’ positive statements can be exploited for classification purposes: including into a classification model additional regressors that measure a positive forward-looking statement's level of selectivity and vagueness significantly increases the model's ability to separate firms with improving financial performance from firms with deteriorating financial performance. Overall, my results are consistent with (a) impression management operating predominantly through selectivity and vagueness and (b) selectivity and vagueness being an important signal for future financial performance.     

从合作原则看网络英文公司简介中的数量模糊

数量模糊在网络公司简介中很常见,它主要通过数字和变动型模糊限制语连用,约整数和非数字模糊词的方式完成。恰当使用数量模糊,可以合理剪裁信息量,提高简介说服力以及有效处理信息缺失的效果。     

文学作品中模糊语言的精确美

文学作品中的模糊语言较之精确语言更具表现力,它能在朦胧之中更形象传神地写人绘景,在含蓄之余更真实贴切地表情达意,促使作品显现一种源自模糊的精确美。     

When vagueness induces indirect competition: strategic incompleteness of contracts

Summary. A class of employment contracts entailing production targets and consequent rewards is studied. In a nondiscriminatory environment, a principal hiring many agents faces the problem of writing a common contract which induces the highest possible effort from each one of his agents. While a very high target may get the best out of highly skilled agents, low skilled ones tend to shirk. On the other hand, although low targets make every agent put positive effort, there are efficiency losses from the high skilled agents. Also, in such environments the principal often has better information regarding the skills of all his agents than what each agent has regarding the rest of the agents at work. We show that if skills of agents are sufficiently close, the informed principal earns strictly higher profits by offering incomplete contracts as against being specific, as incomplete contracts reduce flow of information and induce indirect competition amongst agents. Received: May 19, 2000; revised version: August 28, 2001     

Some notes on trichotomous choice discrete valuation

For some respondents, the bid offered by the dichotomous choice format used in the discrete choice technique can in fact be the true optimum. In this case the correct answer is neither yes or no, but indifferent. We shall show results from a trichotomous choice format and analyse whether it produces welfare measures with narrower confidence intervals than the dichotomous technique. Another well known problem in contingent valuation (CV) studies is that the volume of the good to be purchased from hypothetical markets is not, in many cases, defined in precise terms. We show how the trichotomous choice technique can be used to test for possible vagueness in the volume of the project to be valued.     

英语语言交际中的“模糊性”现象研究

英语语言在单词、词组、句子、语段等层面意思的表达上具有模糊性的特点。在语言交际中,参与者应根据交际时的不同场景和对知识及周围事物认知的水平,对说话者的意思做出即时的推断,使交际得以顺畅地进行。