Plantation Slavery and Economic Development in the Antebellum Southern United States

The relationship of plantation slavery in the Americas to economic and social development in the regions it was dominant has long been a subject of scholarly debate. The existing literature is divided into two broad interpretive models –'planter capitalism' (Fogel and Engerman, Fleisig) and the 'pre-bourgeois civilization' (Genovese, Moreno-Fraginals). While each grasps aspects of plantation slavery's dynamics, neither provides a consistent and coherent historical or theoretical account of slavery's impact on economic development because they focus on the subjective motivations of economic actors (planters or slaves) independent of their social context. Borrowing Robert Brenner's concept of 'social property relations', the article presents an alternative analysis of the dynamics of plantation slavery and their relation to economic development in the regions it dominated.     

Resource connectivity for beneficial insects in landscapes dominated by monoculture tree crop plantations

Homogenization of agricultural landscapes affects ecological processes and biodiversity and can affect the community composition of ecosystem service providers. These effects can have particular impact in landscapes dominated by monocultures of pollinator-dependent tree crop plantations, which create both spatial and temporal homogeneity at the landscape scale. I looked for associations between the proportion of nearby unmanaged vegetation and potential wild pollinator groups collected within flowering almond orchards in two types of landscape. In the Complex landscape, characterized by a heterogeneous mosaic of multiple crops, semi-natural grassland and natural woodland, insect pollinator groups were not associated with unmanaged vegetation. In the Simple landscape, dominated by monoculture almond plantations, most pollinator groups showed positive relationships with the two unmanaged vegetation types (grassland and woodland). In particular, all wild bee and all but one hoverfly individual were found in remnant native vegetation patches within almond plantations, rather than within rows of almond trees. More research is necessary to identify how structural differences created in monoculture landscapes, between crops and the native vegetation they encroach on, influence ecological communities and the provision of ecosystem services.     

Plantation Homes and Veneto Villas in the United States and Europe

Abstract

This paper explores the issues and challenges that are facing Lebanon as it attempts to reposition itself as a leading tourism destination in the post-war years. A discussion about the Lebanese government reconstruction plan and its role in shaping tourism policies is offered. A discussion about post-war tourism development in Lebanon is offered.     

德尔菲法在杨树人工林认证内部评审过程中的应用——以山东省费县为例

本研究在内部评审过程中运用德尔菲法,对中国森林经营认证的3大类9项原则45条标准进行评价得分。通过16位专家的2论咨询结果整理统计得出了山东省费县杨树人工林经营中存在的主要不符合项,并对完善不符合项的困难程度做了咨询。本次德尔菲法在杨树人工林认证内部评审过程中的应用,其结果能较好的反应当前费县杨树人工林经营的现状,明确经营单位在森林经营活动中存在的问题,对今后工作的经营重点难点有建设性的意义,同时也能给相关单位一个参考。     

经济发展与生态保护的思考——橡胶种植与热带雨林

文章在分析经济发展和生态保护的内涵和辩证关系的基础上,通过探讨云南省西双版纳傣族自治州在社会经济发展过程中存在的生态环境矛盾,指出兼顾生态保护的区域经济发展模式才是可持续发展之路,并从宏观上就经济发展中的生态保护问题提出了有益的建议.     

Governing the Palm-Oil Sector through Finance: The Changing Roles of the Indonesian State

By analysing the different roles of the Indonesian state in arranging finance schemes for palm-oil development since 1945, this article aims to answer two questions: What are these roles? And to what extent have they prioritised or balanced economic growth, social equity, and environmental protection? We conclude that the state has never been absent from the palm-oil industry but has had different and changing financing roles that are historically contingent and shaped by the evolving economic and political landscape. Furthermore, these roles reflect Indonesia’s priorities of achieving economic growth through palm-oil development, furthering social equity, and, recently, promoting environmental sustainability.     

Supplanting the Planters

Summary

After briefly examining the plantation-as-hotel model, this contribution focuses the remainder of its attention on the conversion of plantation slavery into entertainment on the Caribbean island of Barbados. First, and by way of contextualization, it is shown that an extensive and well-documented history of plantation life exists, one that is drawn from early accounts of travelers, missionaries and others, as well as later expert commentaries offered by indigenous and extra-regional scholars. Second, it is argued that the tourism industry has largely ignored or been highly selective in borrowing from this rich source of material in its attempt to supply the sort of a-historical diversion which it believes its clientele enjoys. Examples provided include the Open House Programme of the Barbados National Trust, the annual Crop Over Festival and Plantation Spectacular dinner shows. Finally, a few suggestions are advanced in order to try and understand the success of this type of tourism. They include references to postmodernity, nostalgia, dark tourism and varieties of promotion.     

湿地松早期采脂的效益评价

湿地松早期生长迅速,如何使湿地松最快地产生经济效益就显得十分重要。本试验通过对广西环江毛南族自治县华山林场5年生湿地松人工林进行采脂试验,结果表明:湿地松早期采脂经济效益显著,具有较高的获利能力,采脂林分NPV(16 089.13)、IRR(39.2%)均远高于未采脂林分NPV(-3 165.91)、IRR(-2.2%)。同时可带来相当可观的劳动力需求,具有良好的社会效益。采脂对湿地松的生长有一定的影响,松脂产量与其胸径相关紧密。     

马尾松优良家系人工造林经济效益评价分析

采用项目投资的财务效益评估方法,对马尾松优良家系营造的人工林与普通商品种、初级种子园混系种营造的人工林,以及不同优良家系采脂与未采脂林分、间伐与未间伐林分的经济效益进行了比较分析。研究表明,采用优良家系造林比普通商品种在单位面积蓄积量上提高17.3～97.4%,出材量提高10.1～91.0%,木材产值增加3346.25元.hm-2,木材年均产值增加555.30元.hm-2;优良家系采脂林的净收益、净现值(NPV)分别为85759.96元.hm-2和972.56元.hm-2,比普通商品种采脂林分高46%和123%,通过采脂能有效地提高人工林分单位面积产值和净收益值,缩短投资成本的回收期,不论是优良家系还是普通商品种均提前了2～2.5a。另外,优良家系人工林分间伐效果明显,其净收益和净现值上是未间伐林分的0.6～2.4倍和6.1～22.4倍。