Green infrastructure and public policies: An international review of green roofs and green walls incentives

Worldwide, green infrastructure is increasingly used to mitigate the impacts of dense urban areas, contributing towards the naturalization of the built environment. However, for investors, these systems often emerge as requiring substantial upfront cost (high installation costs) and, depending on the solution, might also have significant maintenance costs. On the other hand, policymakers are placing green infrastructure on the agenda, as a solution to consider in urban planning and design. There is a mismatch between the economic/social/environmental value of green infrastructure and their financial analysis. As the quantified benefits of these solutions may not compensate the high implementation costs, discouraging building owners to invest in them. The alignment of both expectations, public and private agents, regarding the development of green infrastructure, is done through the use of incentives, with distinct configurations and nature, that promote and facilitate the adoption of green infrastructure by private investors. This research aims to identify and analyse the incentive policies used by several municipalities to promote the installation of green roofs and/or green walls. The data set includes 113 cities in 19 countries. The incentive policies were classified into six different categories: tax reductions, financing, construction permit, sustainability certification, obligations by law and agile administrative process. The results show that incentive policies are mainly concentrated in Europe and North America, and most incentive policies focus on the promotion of green roofs, as no exclusive incentive policies for the promotion of green walls were found. From all incentive policies studied, financial subsidies and obligations by law are the most used ways to promote green infrastructure worldwide.     

浅谈住宅工程外墙渗漏的原因及防治

外墙渗漏是住宅工程的质量通病,严重情况下会影响建筑物的使用功能,给人们的财产带来损失和生活带来不便,甚至影响人们的身心健康。文章对外墙渗漏原因进行分析,并提出防治措施,使其得以有效防治。     

Writing on the Wall: Street Art in Graffiti‐free Singapore

The legalization of graffiti in many cities has impacted urban landscapes and the way artists and the public view graffiti, street art and the city as well. This article considers the genesis, process and consequences of legal walls programmes firstly by introducing and differentiating the key terms ‘graffiti’, ‘street art’ and ‘legal walls’, then by examining an empirical case, that of Singapore. Renowned as a graffiti‐averse and litter‐free city, Singapore's recent about‐turn in legalizing illicit art forms illustrates changing government perspectives on creativity and legality in the country. Why the government has effected this change, how artists and members of the public have responded to it and the resultant art forms are critically explored. The conclusion reflects on four key lessons from Singapore for cities in general.     

Town walls,walled towns and tourism: paradoxes and paradigms

The paradoxical relationship between tourists and town walls is examined in the wider context of the walled town tourism. Such towns may be paradigm cases for historic towns as attractions for heritage, urban and cultural tourism among the ‘flows and scapes’ of delocated global tourism. Widely distributed across the ‘old’ world and extant even in the ‘new’, town walls can be seen as the grim barriers between contested identities or as the emblems of the peaceful security of the town within. The paper draws on material gathered as part of a European Interreg IIIc network project – ‘ARCHWAY’. Walled towns and related monuments represent nearly 20% of the 890-strong 2009 world heritage list and half the ‘ARCHWAY’ towns have world heritage status or aspirations. To meet the economic and urban planning challenges, walled towns have developed a range of options for success in, or for surviving, tourism. Examples from across Europe and beyond are critically appraised in the light of the literature of historic and heritage town tourism. As historic towns with obvious signs of past conflict, walled towns point the way to examining urban heritage tourism with de-romanticised vision.     

清代的城市规模与行政等级

清代城市规模（城市周长）不受城市行政等级的制约,而且城市规模与行政等级之间的相关性也较弱,因此用行政等级作为划分城市规模的标准是不严谨的。制约中国古代城市规模的要素是多重的,因此对于城市规模的研究不能仅仅局限于城市的行政等级。     

外墙外保温墙面裂缝产生的原因和预防措施

外墙外保温是建筑节能的主要措施之一,防止裂缝的产生是外墙保温要解决的关键技术之一,现浅谈外墙外保温墙面裂缝产生的原因和预防措施。     

有关住宅的外墙防渗漏施工

住宅的外墙渗漏,严重影响了房屋的使用功能。文章根据多年的施工经验,系统地总结了其原因,并探讨了住宅外墙渗漏的处理方法和预防措施。     

未来建筑幕墙节能的发展方向

我国的建筑幕墙及门窗技术和产品经过多年的发展已经取得了长足的进步,本文主要对未来建筑幕墙节能的发展方向进行了探讨,供同行参考。     

某办公楼填充墙裂缝的分析与处理

夏热冬冷地区,粉煤灰加气混凝土砌块在框架结构中运用普遍.文章对加气混凝土砌块墙体裂缝形成的原因进行了分析,并结合工程实例对裂缝进行处理,同时提出了防治裂缝的措施.     

某高层地下室外墙面裂缝处理措施探讨

近些年来,随着经济的发展和人防工程的要求越来越严格,地下室规模逐渐增大,但是地下室墙面潮湿、渗漏等现象较为普遍,给人们生活带来很大的不便,同时影响整个建筑物的工程质量,引起消费者投诉。本文主要从某高层地下室外墙裂缝处理,SBS改性沥青防水卷材层施工方面介绍了该地下室外墙裂缝处理的施工措施,以供同行参考。