中欧贸易与欧盟技术性贸易壁垒

近年来,技术性贸易壁垒(TBT)已成为发达国家实施贸易保护主义更为隐蔽、更为有效的手段.作为中国第三大贸易伙伴的欧盟,其实施的各种TBT措施对中国的出口产品产生了严重的影响.因此,必须建立欧盟技术性贸易壁垒预警机制,时时监控其新动向;坚持"以质取胜"的原则,大搞技术创新和产品创新,以更高的产品质量标准和专利注册超越其贸易壁垒.     

技术性贸易壁垒内涵辨正

进入21世纪以来，技术性贸易壁垒替代反倾销成为我国面临的第一大非关税壁垒。但是对于技术性贸易壁垒，世界贸易组织框架下的相关协议，即《技术性贸易壁垒协议》和《实施卫生和植物卫生措施协议》，并没有做出明确的定义。因此，在分析世贸组织相关协议和判例的基础上，提炼出技术性贸易壁垒的内核，以对技术性贸易壁垒的含义加以澄清并重新认识，对于我国具有重大而深远的意义。     

我国数字贸易发展:现状、挑战与策略研究

借助互联网新技术的发展与应用推广,全球数字贸易得以快速发展,市场规模增速已经超过传统货物贸易及服务贸易,成为世界贸易发展新动能。我国数字技术和数字经济的高速发展使传统制造业与服务业融合加深,贸易服务性更强,因此我国数字贸易正面临着前所未有的发展机遇。但数字贸易作为数字经济的重要表现形式,其经营模式以及国际间的冲突摩擦,又致使其面临诸多发展挑战,由此提出从内部制度和外部环境两方面同时进行改进与完善,进而推动我国数字贸易发展。     

Socioeconomic variations in perceived barriers to recreation participation among would‐be participants

Abstract

The effects of fifteen barriers to participation were examined among people who expressed a desire for but were unable to participate in a new recreational activity. Work commitments, overcrowding of facilities, and lack of partners were the three main barriers. The effects of barriers were not perceived uniformly across the sample but varied between subgroups defined according to socioeconomic variables: the people most likely to be affected by barriers to participation included the poor, the elderly, and single parents. The extent to which recreation practitioners can and should respond to these kinds of research findings is discussed, and several ways in which the effects of barriers to participation might be modified or alleviated are evaluated.     

The nature and dynamics of counter-implementation in strategic marketing: a propositional inventory

This paper highlights the idea that a broader perspective is needed in research into barriers to marketing implementation. It is suggested that this broader perspective should take account of contextual and behavioural issues along with an acknowledgement of implementation as a process. The nature and dynamics of counter-implementation are introduced and a propositional inventory that explicates such behaviour as encompassing actions that may be both intentional and unintentional in nature is developed.These actions may occur at the individual and group level as they evolve over the implementation process and may be both constructive and destructive to organizational performance. Particular emphasis is given to intentional counter-implementation behaviour in terms of how it initiates, manifests and develops, gaining momentum through the transition from individual level action to collective action and, therefore,greater potential leverage for successfully sabotaging implementation efforts. The paper offers implications for management and a research agenda is proposed that highlights content, context and process perspectives for future research in this area, as well as potential methodologies for future research.     

The Competitive Effects of Advertising in the US Automobile Industry, 1970‐94

Is advertising anticompetitive? One school of thought in industrial economics holds that advertising increases profits and reduces consumer welfare by creating spurious product differentiation and barriers to entry. Another school focuses on the informative character of advertising, claiming that advertising makes markets more competitive and reduces profits by supplying consumers with information about price and quality. We distinguish these views by examining the effect of advertising on competition in the US automobile industry. Our data include advertising, sales, profit, and market-share figures for General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler over a 25-year period from 1970 to 1994.We ask if advertising increases or decreases profitability, controlling for market structure and other factors affecting demand.Wefind that these firms cannot increase their profits above normal levels by increasing their advertising expenditures. This evidence supports the view that advertising serves primarily to transmit information, not to create entry barriers.     

出口商品退运的原因及对策分析

近年来，我国出口商品遭退运事件频繁发生，对出口企业造成严重影响。本文详细分析了出口商品退运的原因，并提出了具体的应对策略。     

应对TBT 一个全新的挑战

贸易技术壁垒对世界贸易产生重大影响。它对中国的出口贸易也是一个严峻的挑战。为跨越贸易技术壁垒,我们必须充分利用WTO/TBT协议的有利条款,建成基础标准体系,建立质量认证制度以及提高自己的技术水平。     

绿色壁垒的壳层结构及其效应研究

绿色壁垒具有全球性条款、区域性协定和国别性措施三个壳层结构,壳层结构之间和壳层结构内部存在着梯度变化关系,且由外向内依次递增,突破难度依次增大.作为发展中国家的我国产品出口必须有针对性地对这种绿色壁垒的壳层结构实施逐层突破,建立相应的危机预警和防范体系,才能增强其出口产品基于环境的国际竞争力.     

基于贸易保护目标的技术性贸易壁垒形成机制分析——一个理论框架及其扩展

近年来,技术性贸易壁垒以其自身存在的合理性和必要性,逐渐成为了阻碍国际贸易发展的新壁垒形式。本文在综述技术性贸易壁垒形成机制观点的基础上,指出了它的保护主义实质,并从一个双寡头模型和新政治经济学视角分析了基于贸易保护目标的技术性贸易壁垒形成机制。