金融创新如何缓解信任品市场失灵?——中国食品安全责任强制保险的自然实验

信任品市场(如食品、医药等)存在的问题一直困扰着中国和世界很多国家。关于产品和服务质量的信息不对称(道德风险和逆向选择)会导致信任品市场失灵。缓解信任品市场失灵,一种常见的解决方案是政府监管;而经济学家认为更加基于市场的解决方案(例如强制责任保险等金融创新)可能更为有效。在理论上,强制责任保险有两种相反的效应:保险公司的监督减少了道德风险 vs. 保险加剧了企业的道德风险,但一直亟待实证检验。幸运的是,中国食品安全责任强制保险的改革实验走在了世界的前列。本文利用了中国在不同地区、不同时间推行的这个自然实验,通过双重差分的方法识别出责任保险对于信任品市场的因果效应。本文的研究发现,强制责任保险能显著降低食品安全事故发生概率。这表明政府强制推行的金融创新可以成为信任品市场失灵的一种有效的替代性解决方案。     

Wish you were here? Quasi-experimental evidence on the effect of education on self-reported attitude toward immigrants

We use European Social Survey and Labour Force Survey data from 2002 to 2012 to estimate the causal effect of years of education on European natives׳ opinion toward immigration, by exploiting the exogenous discontinuity generated by reforms in compulsory education in Europe in the 1940s through the 1990s. Our findings show that higher levels of education lead to a more positive reported attitude toward immigrants. We also investigate the mechanisms behind the effect of education on reported attitudes by evaluating both economic and non-economic channels. We find that higher levels of education place individuals in occupations that are less exposed to the negative effects of migration, although not in sectors/occupations where the share of migrants is necessarily smaller, suggesting that migrants and low-educated natives may be complementary rather than substitutes in the labour market. In addition, education alters values and the cognitive assessment of the role of immigration in host societies, with a positive effect on reported attitude toward diversity and on the assessment of immigration׳s role in host countries. Our findings suggest that education as a policy instrument can increase social cohesion in societies that are subject to large immigration flows.     

中国政府义务教育支出：问题和进一步的改革

本文从理论方面探讨了政府在义务教育融资及生产中的责任，并结合中国政府义务教育支出的现状和问题，提出了进一步改革的原则、具体建议及相关改革措施。     

Premium setting and bank behavior in a voluntary deposit insurance scheme

This study analyzes the effect of premium rates on banks’ incentives to join a deposit insurance scheme and their incentives to invest in risky projects under a voluntary deposit insurance scheme. We find that in order to maximize social welfare, the insurance agency must either set the premium rate to be low so as to attract all banks to join the insurance scheme, or not to have the deposit insurance at all. However, the low premium rate in the voluntary scheme does not balance the budget of the deposit insurance. We also show that in the compulsory deposit insurance scheme, however, it is possible to impose an optimal premium rate that can balance the insurance agency’s budget and achieve the highest social welfare. The results also present the dominance of the compulsory scheme over the voluntary scheme in terms of maximizing social welfare and balancing the budget.

我国碳排放权市场发展路径之研究

对国内外碳排放权市场的运行机制和发展状况进行了分析,剖析了各种碳排放权市场机制的特点,并创造性地将其与我国国情相结合,探讨了我国碳排放权市场的发展路径。现阶段我国尚未完全具备建立强制性减排交易市场的基本条件,但是鉴于未来碳排放权市场的重要性,我国应该把发展碳排放权市场作为一项长期战略。我国碳排放权市场可以采取如下发展路径：第一步,培育和壮大我国自愿抵消市场;第二步,借鉴美国经验发展类似CCX的会员制自愿减排交易市场,同时借鉴印度经验适当发展CDM单边项目并以此为基础建立CDM二级市场;第三步,在条件成熟的情况下推出强制性减排交易市场。     

北京流动儿童义务教育设施的空间不均衡研究——以丰台区为例

以北京以及丰台区的适龄流动儿童分布和公立小学分布数据为例,采取社会地理学空间匹配的分析方法来测度流动儿童接受义务教育的空间不均衡性。结果显示,无论在市域、城区还是街道尺度,流动儿童就学需求和教育资源供给之间的空间不均衡现象都存在。据此,建议在学区划定时不仅要考虑常住户籍家庭儿童的数量,也要考虑校区吸引流动儿童的数量,并在流动人口集中的城乡结合地带,应尽量增设新的教育设施;或在现有教育资源的情况下,借助集体通勤方式提高这些教育设施的可达性,使更多的流动儿童得到就近接受义务教育机会。     

解决农村义务教育投入保障中的制度缺陷——对中央转移支付作用及事权体制调整的思考

财权与事权不匹配的矛盾是解决农村义务教育投入保障中的最大难点,受财力制约和宏观政策引导缺位的影响,地方投入为主的财政制度很难为义务教育发展提供全面、长远的支持。针对学界期望通过创新或完善中央转移支付制度解决农村义务教育投入的观点,本文提出不同看法:单纯依靠转移支付制度的改进来解决农村义务教育的地区差异和保障农村义务教育的公共投入是不可能的,只有在事权体制上做大的调整,将农村义务教育事权上划中央政府和财政,才是解决该问题的最佳选择。本文尝试通过建立计量模型,从保障农村义务教育投入中的制度缺陷的视角构建框架,为农村义务教育事权体制改革寻求另一个解决方案。     

Globalization,employment relations and human resources indicators in ten developed market economies: international data sets

This paper provides statistical information on internationalization, human resources and labour market outcomes in ten important developed market economies (DMEs). Such data are useful for practitioners and academics who are interested in international HRM. The article's aim is to provide easily accessible statistical tables of selected characteristics, which can be used to draw initial comparisons between countries and to test competing accounts of the impact of globalization on national patterns of employment relations. It includes standard sources so readers can elaborate and update these data.     

教育捐赠：农村义务教育融资新途径的探讨

费改税后,农村义务教育的提供成为县乡财政的直接困难。本文讨论了义务教育融资的几种方式,即中央政府和地方政府共享、PPP模式和私人提供公共产品,引出捐赠对于农村义务教育的重要性,并通过捐赠模型分析了捐赠的福利效应,最后提出了政府促进捐赠的政策建议。     

财政分权视角下中国农村义务教育落后的原因分析

本文认为,中国农村义务教育落后与财政分权有密切关系.分税制特别是偏离公平目标的政府间财政转移支付制度,使得贫困地区具有极强的压缩农村义务教育投入的内在动力,这是导致20世纪90年代中期以来中国农村义务教育状况不断恶化的重要原因.缓解中国城乡义务教育发展差距,必须全面改革分税制,特别是政府间财政转移支付制度.