The ladder of investment in Europe,in retrospect and prospect

The ladder of investment was adopted by many European (and other) regulators in the era of copper networks as a means of implementing unbundling in a way which progressively promotes competitive providers׳ infrastructure investment in fixed networks. The paper reviews the evidence of its application and effects, in comparison with the most likely alternative, argues that it probably conferred benefits. In the more recent era of transition to fibre in Europe, regulatory priorities have shifted towards promoting roll-out. Two broad approaches are identified; one continues the focus on a programme of infrastructure competition in taking fibre to the home; another, relying on fibre to the cabinet, reverses it with bitstream used as the access product. It is soon to evaluate the two approaches.     

基于层次分析法的广西再生铜产业SWOT分析

文章运用SWOT分析方法从定性角度分析广西再生铜产业在发展过程中所面临的机遇与威胁以及优势和劣势,然后运用层次分析法定量分析影响广西再生铜产业的各种内外部因素,得出:(1)在当前外部环境下广西再生铜产业发展中面临的最大机会是铜的市场需求很大,而最大的威胁是再生铜原料供应日趋紧张;(2)在当前内部环境下广西再生铜产业发展中最大的优势是地理区位优势,而最大的劣势在于技术装备水平落后。最后采用SWOT四边形的方法选择出适合广西再生铜产业发展的SO战略。     

铜厚膜环行器的研制

采用新型的在大气气氛中烧结的铜厚膜多层导电浆料,应用厚膜混合技术制作了2。2GHz和2.8GHz的环行器。其性能指标可与同类型采用薄膜贵金属制作的环行器相媲美,且工艺简单,成本低及生产周期短。     

基于货币因素的我国大宗商品价格波动影响机理——铜市场实证

基于长期与短期两个视角,采用2001~2013年的月度数据,通过构建协整检验、广义脉冲响应函数及方差分解等方法,考察了主要货币因素：货币供应量与利率对我国期铜价格的动态影响,结果表明：货币供应量、利率与期铜价格之间存在长期均衡关系;在短期内,货币供应量对期铜价格具有正向影响,而利率对期铜价格的影响总体为负,且利率的影响作用相对较大。     

铜现货价格与国内外期货价格的影响路径分析

铜是现在工业和经济发展中不可或缺的基础性原材料,同时,沪铜的影响力在提升。本文主要研究关于沪铜期价与LME铜价以及长江现价之间的路径关系,同时加入反映经济波动周期的因素,利用SEM建立路径分析模型,验证因素之间的因果结构关系,同时计算因素之间的直接和间接效应,得到伦铜→沪铜→现铜的影响路径,同时发现沪铜对于伦铜也有重要影响,以及美元指数、美国工业生产指数、中国PMI指数和PPI指数对国内外期现货产生影响的路径。     

中国货币史上的用银转变:切片、称重、入账的白银

中国的银两是称重计量的,最初被作为丝绸(用于远距离贸易的支付)的辅助性手段。元代发行官钞,面额以铜钱单位标示,但按银重计价。明代赋役征银后,大量银条从日本及南美流入中国,用于交换丝绸、瓷器以及茶叶,民间买卖日常必需品的一般交易也用白银结算。18世纪中叶,铜钱(乾隆通宝)供应量加大,并被用于本地货物买卖,银锭则用于远距离交易,与铜钱形成了互补性结构。不同于现代常识,铜钱与银锭不固定的关系以及本地商人过账时所用的称重虚银两单位,对本地经济起到了稳定作用,亦能对抗动荡的区际贸易。     

How to price the unbundled local loop in the transition from copper to fiber access networks?

In many countries worldwide access networks are in the transition from copper to fiber access. During the transition phase copper and fiber networks are operated in parallel. All regulators facing this situation of technological change have to decide how to price unbundled access to the copper loop in this transition phase. Should they keep the usual forward looking long-run incremental cost standard charge, or should they move to some different approach? The authors propose to price copper access based on the modern equivalent asset (MEA) of fiber access. Since fiber access is superior to copper access, the cost of fiber access (as a basis for pricing copper access) should, however, be corrected by the performance delta between copper and fiber access.     

Copper and the Chilean Economy, 1960-98

This paper studies the links between world copper prices and the Chilean economy. The main conclusion is that world copper prices play an important role in short-term economic fluctuations. While many mechanisms may be at work, investment seems to play a major role. During a copper price boom, the higher copper revenues and associated capital inflows create upward pressure on the real exchange rate. In turn the, appreciation of the Chilean peso during the first part of the copper cycle contributes to lower inflation, which could explain why real wages grow more rapidly in this part of the cycle.     

Mineral endowment, labor productivity, and comparative advantage in mining

Labor productivity in the U.S. copper mining industry tripled between 1975 and 1995, allowing the industry to recover its comparative advantage. Mine level data on output and labor input indicate that over three-quarters of this increase came from labor productivity growth at individual mines, and less than a quarter from shifts in output from low- to high-productivity mines. This finding supports the hypothesis that new technology and innovation are as important or more important than mineral endowment in shaping labor productivity trends and comparative advantage in mining.     

世界铜资源贸易现状与中国的发展战略研究

本文分析了世界与中国铜进出口贸易的现状,然后建立中国铜供需模型,从经济学角度对我国铜供需缺口进行研究,并从国家长远铜战略的角度,提出中国当前应采取的策略。