Cross-border mergers and acquisitions vs. greenfield foreign direct investment: The role of firm heterogeneity

We develop a general equilibrium model with heterogeneous firms to address two sets of questions: (1) what are the characteristics of firms that choose the various modes of foreign market access (exporting, greenfield FDI, and cross-border M&A), and (2) how does the international organization of production vary across industries and country-pairs? We show that the answers to these questions depend on the nature of firm heterogeneity. Depending on whether firms differ in their mobile or immobile capabilities, cross-border mergers involve the most or the least efficient active firms. The comparative statics on industry and country characteristics display a similar dichotomy.     

论中国企业跨国并购与绿地投资的选择

本文将从中国企业的投资特点入手,通过对影响因素的分析与相关模型的构建,为我国企业选择跨国并购与绿地投资提供理论参考。     

Foreign direct investment and industrial agglomeration: Evidence from India

This study analyses the spatial and sectoral distribution of Greenfield Foreign Direct Investment (GFDI) and its impact on industrial agglomeration in India for the time period 2006–2015. We employ a unique dataset obtained by merging GFDI data from FDI Markets and plant level data from Annual Survey of Industries (ASI). We find that the Indian manufacturing sector shows signs of industrial dispersion rather than agglomeration throughout the sample period. Likewise, the spatial distribution pattern of GFDI also shows a decline in regional concentration and, interestingly, GFDI also seems to target new destinations. We also find that the increased spatial spread of GFDI leads to an industrial dispersion in Indian manufacturing industries.     

Prices,policies, and place: What drives greenfield development?

While the recent global financial crisis heightened awareness of the linkages between global financial capital and urban spatial pattern, the timing of urban development – largely thought to be market driven – is not fully understood. Parcel-level studies of urban land-use change, which often use hazard models to investigate if and when development occurs, offer an opportunity to juxtapose the extent to which decisions to develop individual plots of farmland into housing are driven by market forces, the unique characteristics of the land and its intraurban location, or policies such as transportation infrastructure and municipal annexation. Using residential completion data in the Phoenix, Arizona region from 1992 to 2014, a period of dramatic commodity, fuel, and home price swings, and land cover imagery, we develop a parcel-level hazard model to gauge the relative impacts of market, policy, and place-based drivers of land change. We find limited evidence of induced development associated with freeway planning, that annexation and development are closely linked and moreso during economic booms, high fuel prices spur development in the region's core, and agricultural and urban land rents affect the timing of development. This study advances our understanding of development decision- making, policy impacts, and urban land-use change modeling and provides an empirical connection between local and global drivers of Greenfield development.     

跨国并购与新建投资--作为跨国企业进入方式选择理论的最新进展及一个模型分析

跨国公司进入东道国面临两种进入方式的选择:并购进入和新建投资进入,本文展现了这一研究领域的最新进展,回顾和分析了跨国公司选择并购进入方式的各种考虑因素.本文提出了一个企业国外进入方式选择的简单模型,研究在何种情况下外国公司优先选择并购方式以及在何种情况下外国公司选要择新建投资的问题.     

Cross-border acquisitions vs. Greenfield investment: A comparative performance analysis in Greece

This paper compares cross-border acquisition with Greenfield foreign direct investment (FDI). It investigates the impact of these two FDI modes on the long-term performance of foreign subsidiaries. By focusing on the performance of the foreign affiliate, it departs from the rich survival literature and for the first time explores the precise performance of these ventures over a longer period of time. In particular, by drawing on the theory of industrial organization (IO), we empirically examine to which extent the two different forms of market entry help to explain the development of leading positions of affiliates in the host country. Our field research is based on a wide original sample of 179 manufacturing subsidiaries of foreign transnational corporations (TNCs) located in Greece. The econometric results indicate that acquisitions exhibit specific signs of excellence in terms of market share, firm size, capital intensity and product differentiation. We ascertain that at least as far as market share and capital intensity are concerned, the superiority of the cross-border acquisitions rests on both the fact that TNCs are eager to acquire the most efficient firms in the host country, and actively engage in assisting these firms in their up-grading procedures.     

Chinese enterprises in Germany: Establishment modes and strategies to mitigate the liability of foreignness

Although China shows an impressive increase of outward foreign direct investment, research on internationalization strategies of Chinese companies is still in its infancies. It remains unclear, for example, how Chinese MNEs cope with the specific institutional hurdles of a developed country such as Germany and to reduce their liability of foreignness (LOF). Given a remarkable lack of in-depth empirical studies, we present insights from 31 semi-structured face-to-face interviews with employees belonging to seven Chinese MNEs and stakeholders. Our findings suggest that Chinese MNEs have gained international experience, whereas strategies to reduce their LOF depend on the establishment mode chosen.     

出口网络能促进对外直接投资吗——基于中国的理论与经验分析

本文将企业出口网络引入企业对外直接投资的内生性选择模型,分析出口网络对企业进行绿地投资和跨国并购的影响。模型分析结果表明:在相同的生产率水平下,出口网络大小通过影响企业对外直接投资(绿地投资和跨国并购)所需生产率"阈值",进而影响企业对外直接投资概率;当出口网络扩大对企业对外直接投资所需生产率"阈值"带来的正向效应大于负向效应时,网络扩大会提高企业的对外投资概率;而当出口网络扩大对企业对外直接投资所需生产率"阈值"带来的负向效应大于正向效应时,网络扩大会降低企业的对外投资概率;本文利用2001—2014年中国上市工业企业数据进行实证分析,发现出口网络扩大对工业上市企业的绿地投资以及跨国并购行为都有显著的正向影响,在考虑了出口网络的其他特征后,实证结论依然稳健。     

Globalization and profitability of cross-border mergers and acquisitions

This paper studies how the surplus generated by the globalization process is divided between MNEs and owners of domestic assets. We construct an oligopoly model where the equilibrium acquisition pattern, the acquisition price and firms’ greenfield investments are endogenously determined. Acquisition entry is shown to be more likely when the complementarity between domestic and foreign assets is high. However, we show that such acquisitions might have a low profitability, since the bidding competition over the domestic assets is then so fierce that the firms involved would be better off not starting a bidding war. Risks associated with different entry modes are also examined.     

Chinese foreign direct investment in the United States: Location choice determinants and strategic implications for the State of Indiana

Identifying the unique U.S. state-level factors that more often give rise to Chinese firm-led investment is the central focus of this article. Looking at Chinese investment in the United States between 2007 and 2011, this article (1) explores the determinants underlying the locational choices of Chinese firms, (2) seeks to understand why some U.S. states receive relatively greater amounts of investment from China, (3) assesses whether prior trends are likely to continue into the future; and—perhaps most importantly—(4) seeks to identify what (if anything) the state of Indiana can do to better position itself to capture greater amounts of Chinese investment moving forward. We recommend the following actions for the state of Indiana: (1) firm targeting—Indiana is a prime FDI target for private, firm-led, greenfield investment; (2) differentiation— Indiana has distinct advantages over other locations in the Midwest; (3) promotions—trade missions and overseas office locations are investments, not costs; (4) investments in relationships—cultural sensitivity and friendship make the difference.