The Dutch urban ground lease: A valuable tool for land policy?

Once heralded by both liberals and socialists as a tool for Dutch municipal governments to prevent land speculation and to implement spatial policies, a century later the Dutch ground lease (erfpacht) is now despised by many. The ground lease was the subject of strong debate in the recent past and is likely to remain so. It has been argued that lessees should have the right to become owner of the land, and this ‘right to buy’ has indeed been implemented in the land policies of several municipalities. The Dutch urban ground lease seems to be under serious pressure. Is it outdated or is it still a valuable tool for land policy? Before we answer this question, we firstly will provide an historical overview of Dutch ground lease. Secondly, the different types of ground lease will be elaborated. Thirdly, the focus will be on the urban ground lease used by Dutch municipalities and the developments in the use of this instrument. Fourthly, the recent policy changes will be dealt with, followed by an assessment.     

Patterns of growth in Chinese cities: Implications of the land lease

A special feature of China’s housing market is land use rights in the form of land leasehold contracts granted by the government. We consider an equilibrium model in which a representative developer may choose to redevelop existing centrally located housing or to develop new housing at the periphery of the city. We show that as the city grows, the land leasehold system results in the city center being developed less intensely and more land being used on the outskirts of the city when compared to a fee simple environment. Thus, cities in China are likely to be relatively more spread out, with city centers relatively older than would be the case with “fee simple” ownership. Our model suggests that excess residential land use is about 6 percent. In addition, compared with the ownership case, housing supply will grow more quickly in the near future, but more slowly later on during the transition of the Chinese economy. Parallel to the supply growth pattern, equilibrium price grows relative slowly in the near future, but more quickly later on. While we focus on residential uses, we believe our model can be applied to other land uses.     

Substantial effect of voluntary policy interventions on aircraft ground handling safety

Managing safety and health matters require comprehensive policy intervention to change the existing culture in the ground handling operations and reducing the safety performance outcomes. This study aims to investigate the relationship between safety culture and safety performance outcome with voluntary policy intervention as the moderating effect of the relationship. The study employed a quantitative method through a survey instrument, which was participated by 423 ground handling workers from six international airports in Malaysia. The results indicated seven hypotheses in direct relationships have positive association between safety culture and safety performance construct. While for moderator relationships, there were five hypotheses found to be statistically significant and supported. The presence of voluntary policy interventions were found to be beneficial or detrimental elements for the insignificant relationships of the study. The ground handling organisation is expected to utilise these results by strengthening their organisation safety culture and prioritise safety and health matters over demand and cost.     

An exploratory examination of additional ground access trips generated by airport ‘meeter-greeters’

A significant share of airport passengers are accompanied to and/or from the airport by friends and relatives to wave them off or greet them when they land. At some airports the number of these ‘meeter-greeters’ can be substantial, which can have important ground access planning, economic and environmental implications for the airport operator. Yet this group have received comparatively little attention in either the academic or industry literature. Consequently, to some extent ‘meeter-greeters’ have remained something of a ‘hidden’ element of ground access user. In an attempt to address this, the paper uses secondary data analysis of the UK CAA Passenger Survey Report to explore ‘meeter-greeters’ at five UK airports; Heathrow, Gatwick, Manchester, Stansted and Luton. Focus is given to assessing the scale of ‘meeter-greeter’ journeys and the role of a passenger's trip purpose (business/leisure) and resident status (resident/non-resident) in this process. A key finding from the analysis relates to the disproportionate impact of multi-person trips, where a number of different ‘meeter-greeters’ accompany a passenger to the airport. The implications of these findings are discussed and a number of recommendations for decision makers proposed. Namely, it is suggested that airport monitoring and assessment procedures should incorporate a measure of the additional trip generation by ‘meeter-greeters’ in order to present a more complete picture of the number of people accessing/egressing an airport.     

Modelling airline flight cancellation decisions

In order to predict airline responses to Traffic Management Initiatives (TMIs), and reveal the underlying preference structures that shape these responses, we study US domestic airlines’ cancellation decisions in response to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)’s TMIs, in particular, to Ground Delay Programs (GDPs). By observing the actual flight-cancellation choices made by airline dispatchers, the airlines’ cancellation utility functions can be inferred through the use of binary choice models. The model captures how delays to a given flight and potential delay savings to other flights affect flight cancellation decisions. We also find larger, fuller, less frequent, shorter-distance, and spoke-bound flights are less likely to be cancelled, and that there is inter-airline variation in flight cancellation behaviour.     

1GHz以上微波暗室电场强度标准及误差分析

本文阐述了利用系列角锥喇叭建立１ＧＨｚ以上微波暗室标准电场强度的原理和方法。导出了角锥喇叭近场增益的简化公式。简述了２０８０天线测试系统及三天线法测量技术，且对测量误差进行了分析。理论和实验结果表明，建立标准电场强度的误差≤０．５ｄＢ。     

最优天线选择的空时分组编码

本文针对TD－SCDMA系统的MIMO（Multiple-Input Multiple-Output)信道，采用天线选择技术来提高空时分组码（Space-Time Block Coding)的分集性能。其依据是利用TDD系统上、下行信道的互易性，将系统对上行信道的估计直接应用于行链路。仿真结果表明，将天线选择技术与空时分组码（STBC）相结合对系统的误码率性能有较大的改善。     

绿色低碳视角下技术创新影响因素研究

低碳技术创新是现阶段我国技术创新发展的重要任务,识别绿色低碳视角下技术创新影响因素对于促进我国绿色低碳技术的创新发展具有重要意义。通过扎根质化研究,综合提出了低碳技术创新绩效影响因素指标体系,然后基于投影寻踪法和多因变量对多自变量的偏最小二乘回归分析,得出低碳技术创新绩效影响因素回归模型。研究结果表明：现阶段我国低碳技术创新的能源消耗与环境污染较为严重;研发人员对于低碳技术创新产出影响较大;环境治理对低碳技术创新具有正向影响但不十分显著。     

地质雷达在土层疏松和空洞探测中的应用

本文在简述地质雷达基本原理及工作方法的基础上，阐述了地质雷达的信号识别在土层疏松及空洞探测中的可行性及准确性，并对地质雷达的实测资料进行了处理及分析。结果表明，地质雷达检测技术能有效的探测土层疏松以及空洞异常，从而避免地铁施工过程中地下空洞等地质体对周围环境和施工安全造成的不良影响。     

论我国“三沿”地区发展外向型经济的新格局

在邓小平同志巡视南方的谈话后,我国出现了发展外向型经济的新格局。即除在沿海地区继续实施外向型经济发展战略外,沿江(长江)、沿边(周边)各省区也抓住当前有利时机,急起直追沿海地区发展外向型经济。这种沿江、沿边与沿海遥相呼应发展外向型经济的新格局的形成,对促进我国经济上个新台阶,实现第二步战略目标,具有重大意义。本文拟就我国“三沿”地区发展外向型经济的原因、意义和如何推动这种新格局进一步发展等问题作一探讨。