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1.
In the context of personal income tax (PIT) reform in China in 2018, this paper examines some of the major issues of concern regarding the reform and income distribution. Using the China Personal Income Tax Micro‐simulation model, the paper compares the differences between the 2011 and 2018 PIT systems, and finds that residents relying on different income sources may face a large degree of real tax rate change. Once the tax system is altered to PIT 2018, the coverage of PIT for wage earners will decrease from 46.9 to 23.4 percent, the income redistributive effect will drop from 1.95 to 1.22 percent and the PIT's role in fiscal revenue will also be negatively affected. Nevertheless, if individual income continues to grow, the share of PIT in fiscal revenue is expected to return to the 2018 level in 2022, but its income redistribution function is difficult to recover in the short term. The paper finds that the effect of PIT on income distribution depends on the tax structure. Gradual transition to an “entirely comprehensive” tax system when conditions are appropriate will achieve better income redistribution results at a lower average tax rate. 相似文献
2.
Healthcare reforms have long been advocated as a cure to the increasing healthcare expenditures in advanced economies. Nevertheless, it has not been established whether a market solution via private financing, rather than public financing, curb aggregate healthcare expenditures. To our knowledge, this paper is the first that quantifies the impact of reforms that significantly increases (decreases) the private (public) share of healthcare financing on total healthcare expenditures relative to income in 20 OECD countries. Our reform measure is based on structural break testing of the private share of total expenditures, and verification using evidence of policy reforms. To quantify the effect of these reforms we apply Propensity Score Matching and Inverse Probability Weighted regression analysis. Over a 5-year evaluation period the reforms lead to an accumulated cost saving 0.45 percentage points of GDP. The yearly effects of the reforms are largest in the first years in the post-reform period and decreases in size as a function of time since the reform. Our findings suggest that the investigated healthcare reforms have a relatively short-lived effect on aggregate health spending relative to GDP. The findings are robust to various sensitivity tests. 相似文献
3.
Will China's WTO accession worsen farm household incomes? 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Many fear China's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) will impoverish its farmers via greater import competition in its agricultural markets. We explore that possibility bearing in mind that, even if producer prices of some (land-intensive) farm products fall, prices of other (labor-intensive) farm and nonfarm products could rise. New estimates, from the global, economy-wide numerical simulation model known as Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP), of the likely changes in agricultural and other product prices as a result of WTO accession, are drawn on to examine empirically the real income implications of China's WTO accession. The results suggest farm–nonfarm income inequality may well rise within China but rural–urban income inequality need not. The article concludes with some policy suggestions for alleviating any pockets of farm household poverty that may emerge as a result of WTO accession. 相似文献
4.
State-owned enterprises going public The case of China 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Public listing is a key reform measure for large state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) in China. We find evidence that public listing lowers state ownership significantly, lessens firms’ reliance on debt finance, and allows firms to increase capital expenditure, at least temporarily. We also find that ownership structure affects post‐listing performance. However, we find no statistical evidence of a positive effect of public listing on firms’ profitability. We suggest alternative interpretations of the last finding. 相似文献
5.
6.
深化乡镇综合改革难点研究 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
乡镇机构人员膨胀是当前农民负担过重的主要原因之一。而20多年来乡镇机构减而复胀且日益严重,成为改革的难点。乡镇职能错位、各类机构关系不顺、社会改革不配套,还有行政机构中客观存在的“帕金森定律”,是乡镇机构改革难点形成的深层原因。深化乡镇综合改革的远期目标是实现乡镇自治,而近期目标则是以转变职能为核心,调整政府管理体制;实现乡镇机构的功能整合;同时可以实行政府职能“外包”;还要加强机构编制的法治管理。 相似文献
7.
对浙北地区县域范围内城乡供水现状进行了分析,指出:要实现自来水供应一体化,面临着行政管理体制和水务运作体制方面的问题,并对解决这两方面的问题提出了对策。 相似文献
8.
关于成本管理改革的探讨 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
随着社会主义市场经济和现代企业制度的逐步建立和完善,深化成本管理改革也日益成为一个突出而又迫切的问题。优胜劣汰是竞争的基本法则,企业要生存、求发展,就必须若练内功,采取各种措施降低成本,以低于竞争对手的成本进行生产经营,企业才能在竞争中立于不败之地。成本管理改革应对传统成本管理做出客观公正的评价,并在吸收西方先进的成本管理方法的基础上,正确把握成本管理改革的方向,为我国成本管理的理论研究和改革实践提供借鉴。 相似文献
9.
Using nationally representative data, the present paper examines the impact of China's ongoing rural tax reform on farmers. The difficulties in further local governance restructuring are also discussed. It is argued that the issues associated with rural taxation and local governance in China result from inherent tension between an increasingly liberalized economic system and a still centralized political system. Although rural tax reform has helped to reduce farmers' tax burdens in the short term, the establishment of an effective local governance regime requires coordinated reforms to downsize local bureaucracy by providing social security for laid-off cadres, to strengthen local accountability by granting higher local formal tax autonomy, and to promote meaningful participation by expanding local democracy. 相似文献
10.
试论新制度经济学与中国体制改革的契合 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
中国正在经历一个制度变迁的时代。新制度经济学对中国体制改革实践有很强的解释力和指导性,它与马克思主义经济学在机理上的相通及其与中国的传统政治文化的契合促进了它在中国的进一步发展。中国正处于一个制度变迁的时代,新旧体制转轨使中国有了对新的经济制度变革理论的强烈需要。新制度经济学适应了这种需求,对中国体制改革实践有很强的解释力和指导性。新制度经济学与马克思主义政治经济学有相通之处,这有利于发展新制度经济学,也有利于中国经济理论的衔接和发展。中国的传统政治文化与新制度经济学理论的契合,既有利于新制度经济学的传播,也有利于中国体制改革的进一步发展。 相似文献