曼哈顿工程与美国科技制度变迁:一个“社会运动”的诠释

基于资源动员理论、政治过程理论和社会结构理论的整合分析框架,将二战期间的美国"曼哈顿工程"视作由政府、军队、科学家、工程师和工业企业家等自上而下联合发动的一场社会运动。这场运动得以实现的原因在于领袖、参与者与支持者的转换,并在特定的历史条件下导致了强政治机会结构的出现和强内生组织的形成。这场运动的后果是解放了社会对科学家与科学技术应用的认知,推动了社会结构的变迁,使得美国的科技制度从"小科学"进入到"大科学"。在新的社会结构下,美国的经济增长模式从"资源依赖"转变为"以知识为基础"。     

Technical or nontechnical salesmen?

This paper examines the pros and cons of using technical and nontechnical sales representatives in the industrial market. The authors offer a solution to the question of whether the sales force should possess technical or nontechnical backgrounds. The answer is tied to both the level and the frequency of technical information exchange.     

Economic Rationality Meets Celebrity Urbanology: Exploring Edward Glaeser's City

This article presents a critique of the popular and public‐policy work of Harvard economist Edward Glaeser, which has been constructed at the nexus of neoclassical economic rationality and celebrity urbanology. Widely recognized as one of the world's leading urbanists, Glaeser has combined a high‐flying academic career with public‐policy engagement and extensive work as a newspaper columnist and media commentator, enabled by a longstanding affiliation with the Manhattan Institute, a leading conservative think tank. The critique is pointed, but seeks to exceed argumentum ad hominem by calling attention to sociopolitical and institutional factors that have facilitated the accelerated diffusion and enlarged dominion of this model (and mode) of microeconomically rationalized urbanism, including the production of new forms of intellectual marketing, the construction of colonizing variants of urban‐economic expertise, and the ongoing rearticulation and creeping consolidation of market‐centric policy norms. The article argues that a distinctive form of urban‐economic orthodoxy is under construction, based on a potent fusion of scientific reasoning and pop presentation, combining ideologically disciplined applications of neoclassical economics with dissemination in the register of the ‘freakonomics' franchise. Edward Glaeser's intellectual accomplishments have been significant, but the ‘Glaeser effect' is more than a story of individual scholarly endeavor, calling for more than a merely ‘internal' critique. Its conformity to Manhattan Institute principles testifies to a telling consistency of ideological purpose, contributing as it does to a sustained effort to rationalize and normalize lean and limited modes of neoliberal urban governance, fortified by microeconomic reason.     

美国科技决策机制的应急弹性分析

作为一个开放系统,美国科技决策机制在运行过程中面临一系列内部、外部因素或事件的冲击时,展现出了较强的系统自身的反应和应变能力,亦即美国科技决策机制的应变能力与反应弹性。     

The determinants and evaluation of merger success

Many decry the preponderance of merger failures and conclude that mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are failed strategies. However, analysis of the causes of failure has often been shallow and the measures of success weak. The research reported here focuses on what makes a merger successful and what is the appropriate manner of evaluating merger success. Extensive field research of the merger of J.P. Morgan and Chase Manhattan Bank in 2000 is used to illustrate the drivers of merger success and how to improve and value the contributions of mergers.     

Two-Stage Determinants of the Organic Food Retailing Landscape: The Case of Manhattan,New York

Retail sales of organic food products have been increasing faster than any other category of food and have penetrated mainstream retail grocery outlets. The majority of the literature on organic markets explores the socioeconomic characteristics of consumers, linking these traits to the probability of buying organic food, and it suggests that access to organic food is an important but overlooked factor in such studies. More recently, research focusing on food retailer marketing strategies for organic food finds that traditional strategies such as price promotions are largely unsuccessful with increasing sales for the organic food consumer. This article focuses on the retailer decision to offer organic food for sale. We model the decision as a two-stage process, where the retailer’s first decision is whether to sell organic food, and the second decision determines how many different organic products to offer for sale. In doing so, by using data collected in stores, we assess the organic food retail landscape in Manhattan, NY. We find that the decision to offer organic food for sale depends on the neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics, and the amount of organic food offered for sale depends on the size of the store.     

A critical review of recent organizational buying research

The purposes of this article are to examine the major contributions toward understanding industrial buying behavior and to suggest possible areas for future research. Many of the more recent studies have attempted to apply research findings in communications theory, consumer behavior, quantitative methods, and managerial decision theory in defining the decision process which constitutes industrial buying behavior. These research efforts have not been thoroughly evaluated.