Allocating an advertising budget to international travel markets

Deciding on advertising appropriations is a common problem to all National Tourist Offices. The Austrian National Tourist Office now employs a decision support model allowing for inclusion of managerial judgments. In tourism, like elsewhere, application of standard optimization routines to marketing decision making is straight- forward, once the relationship linking market response to input has been modeled adequately. A tailor-made decision calculus procedure eliciting managerial judgments on the relative importance of the factors determining a receiving country's travel market share provides the weights otherwise inaccessible by objective parameter estimation. A tourism manager thus can evaluate countries as tourism generators and allocate an advertising budget accordingly.     

Foods produced using biotechnology: how does the law protect consumers?

This paper addresses the following subjects: biotechnology and consumers, concern about risks, consumer acceptance, labelling of foods produced using biotechnology, the legal approach to consumer protection, and consumer protection policies relating to biotechnology products in the European Union, the United States, Turkey and global institutions such as the Convention for Biological Diversity (CBD) and the World Trade Organisation (WTO). It is likely that biotechnology will gain ground much more rapidly in the twenty‐first century than in the past. Despite rapid, detailed and precise advances in gene technology, its applications have not been the received with a great deal of consumer enthusiasm. Consumers have approached genetically modified foods with considerable apprehension and opposition. Consumer concerns about bioengineered food products focus on the questions of human health, environmental and social risks and benefits. The most important stages in the process of marketing new foods produced using biotechnology are to demonstrate user need and consumer acceptance. Generally, the technical complexity of biotechnology makes it difficult for consumers to understand details of the product and the specific attributes of biotechnology applications. Scientific uncertainty, the nature of consumer concerns and general reluctance to accept biotechnology products, increase the importance of consumer protection. Legal protection is a very important factor in the solution of new social problems related to technological advances. More specifically, consumer and environmental law support consumer protection related to foods produced with biotechnology. The basic principles of consumer law can be re‐formulated as consumer rights. Environmental law is a new phenomenon, but precautionary principles and public participation in decision‐making for environmental law are relevant to consumer protection relating to bioengineered food products.     

上海市区街道办事处功能作用调整、完善的对策与措施

本文经调查研究,从上海市区街道办事处功能作用存在的问题出发,重新定义其功能与基本职能,提出了上海街道办事处功能作用调整对策与措施。     

Bargaining Strength and Property Class in Office Markets

This paper examines the influence of bargaining power and property class on the prices of heterogeneous goods. Specifically, it explores the impact of buyer and seller characteristics on the transaction prices of office properties. The empirical model is based on the work of Harding, Rosenthal, and Sirmans (2003), which developed a method to distinguish between the impact of buyer and seller attributes on bargaining power and the choice of otherwise unidentified price effects (i.e., property class) in the context of hedonic price models. The data set contains information on transaction prices of office properties in Cook, DuPage, and Lake Counties, Illinois from 1995 to 1997. The results reveal systematic differences in bargaining power and property class for certain groups of buyers and sellers contained within the sample.     

The development of integrated marketing communications at the British General Post Office, 1931–39

In the 1930s, the General Post Office (GPO) in Britain became one of the nation’s most innovative pioneers of marketing communication. Following criticism of the organisation in the 1920s for its conservative use of publicity, the GPO embarked upon a series of creative publicity campaigns that applied, amongst other methods, advertising, public relations, promotions, cinema, events and artistic posters. Through an overview of its publicity, and through a narrative of three case-studies, this article argues that one of the most important innovations of the GPO was its integration of marketing communication, both in terms of techniques used and in relation to its emphasis in promoting the organisation and the services it provided.     

Windows 2003网络功能探析

WindowsServer 2003操作系统是高效的基础架构平台，它为连接应用、网络和从工作组到数据中心的网络服务提供动力。文章将根据目前WindowsServer 2003的网络功能的技术与服务，从Windows Server 2003网络功能的多功能性、灵活管理性、卓越的可信性，深入分析其主要功能，并对此做出详细说明。     

北京市办公业的空间格局演变及其模式研究

通过对北京城市写字楼2009年调研数据的空间统计,研究北京市办公业的空间格局演变及其模式.研究发现:北京市写字楼总体呈现集聚的空间分布模式,分布重心向北倾斜明显,主要分布方向为"西北-东南",空间离散程度逐渐加大,显有逐渐向近郊及远郊推进的趋势.同时,北京市写字楼的空间分布经历了分散-集中-再分散的过程,"西北-东南"向的空间格局标示着北京城市办公功能空间布局的主导方向;其演变模式先后经历了离散-极化-扩散-稳定四个发展阶段.未来一段时间内,在中心城区内部已形成的办公集聚区的空间承载量有限的情况下,办公活动将向外扩展,办公活动郊区化将对缓解中心城区高度集聚、平衡城区与郊区发展不平衡的矛盾和优化城市功能空间分布起到积极作用.     

将办公自动化系统融入企业管理的探索与思考

随着信息科学和信息技术的飞速发展,信息化管理在企业管理中的作用越来越重要。加强信息化建设,推进信息化管理,将成为企业管理现代化的重要突破口。本文结合信息时代企业发展的特点,从促进公司从管理信息到信息化管理的转变进行了思考和探索。     

Urban planning in office markets: A methodological approach

This article stresses the importance of urban planning interventions on real estate office markets in an environment increasingly characterized by globalization processes and progress of information and communication technologies, leaving behind the traditional influence of more market-related variables spread abroad vast literature. It contends that a better indirect control exerted by municipal authorities may launch the performance and characteristics of these markets. Within this scope, an innovative methodology and model are proposed, aimed at assisting municipal decisions in the definition of strategic policies concerning location or relocation of offices, and respective influences over rents. This methodology and this model have a flexible ongoing character that fits the anytime concrete features of local office markets. They are applied, as a case study, to the office market of Oporto city (Portugal). Implications for urban policy are inferred and generalized from this analysis.     

关于计算机技术在运输问题中应用的探讨

本文针对当前零存货管理模式下的以销定产经营方式,结合物流发达的情况,探讨了利用计算机技术解决实际中的运输问题的方法.