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文章借助GEM模型对文港笔都产业集群的现状作了剖析,得出造成文港制笔产业缺乏竞争力的主要因素,如人力资源储备;资本运作能力;社会总体科技发展水平;外部环境以及外部企业共享信息、合作开发、开拓市场能力;当地的通讯条件以及物流管理能力等,也为文港制笔产业的结构性调整提供了一定的建议. 相似文献
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体育旅游作为近年新兴的旅游形式,其影响力在逐年增大。四川省盆缘山地区域具备独特的地理气候条件,是开展体育旅游的较佳场所。采用文献法和实地调研法,研究四川省盆缘山地体育旅游的资源基础和开发现状,并在此基础上提出可行的发展对策。 相似文献
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《Journal of medical economics》2013,16(1):75-86
AbstractBackground:Studies examining outcomes of different insulin delivery systems are limited. The objective of this study was to compare healthcare utilization, costs, adherence, and hypoglycemia rates in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) initiating rapid-acting insulin analog (RAIA) using prefilled pen versus vial/syringe.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted using a US claims database (1/1/2007 to 12/31/2008). Inclusion criteria were: ≥18 years old, with T2DM, ≥12 months of continuous eligibility, and new to RAIA. Difference-in-difference analyses after propensity score matching were conducted to compare changes in outcomes from 6 months prior to and 6 months after initiating RAIA with a prefilled pen versus vial/syringe (Wilcoxon rank-sum test for costs and t-test for other outcomes). Categories of utilization and costs (2009 USD) included total and diabetes-related inpatient, outpatient, and emergency room. Adherence was measured by proportion of days covered (PDC). Hypoglycemia was identified using ICD-9-CM codes.Results:Baseline characteristics were similar between the prefilled pen (n?=?239) and vial/syringe (n?=?590) cohorts after matching. Adherence to RAIA was greater in the prefilled pen cohort than the vial/syringe cohort (PDC: 54.6 vs. 45.2%, p?<?0.001). While the increase in diabetes-related pharmacy costs from before to after initiating RAIA was greater in the prefilled pen cohort than the vial/syringe cohort (+$900 vs. +$607, p?<?0.001), the prefilled pen cohort was associated with greater reductions in the total diabetes-related costs (–$235 vs. +$61, p?=?0.006) and the utilization of oral anti-hyperglycemic agents (–1.3 vs. –0.7, p?=?0.016). There were no significant differences in other outcomes.Limitations:Claims databases do not provide optimal measures for adherence or T2DM severity, and only capture hypoglycemia events requiring clinical intervention.Conclusion:Initiating RAIA with a prefilled pen was associated with better adherence and greater reduction in total diabetes-related costs than a vial/syringe. There was no significant difference in total healthcare costs. 相似文献
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