Discounting long run average growth in stochastic dynamic programs

Summary. Finding solutions to the Bellman equation often relies on restrictive boundedness assumptions. In this paper we develop a method of proof that allows to dispense with the assumption that returns are bounded from above. In applications our assumptions only imply that long run average (expected) growth is sufficiently discounted, in sharp contrast with classical assumptions either absolutely bounding growth or bounding each period (instead of long run) maximum (instead of average) growth. We discuss our work in relation to the literature and provide several examples. Received: July 26, 2000; revised version: July 10, 2002 RID="*" ID="*" I am specially grateful to Cuong Le Van and to anonymous referee for detecting an error in a previous version of this paper and for suggestions that sensibly improved the paper. Comments and suggestions are also acknowledged to Michele Boldrin, Raouf Boucekkine, Fabrice Collard, Tim Kehoe, Omar Licandro, and Luis Puch. I am also indebted to participants to the III Summer School on Economic Theory held at the Universidade de Vigo, the Macroeconomics Workshop at the Universitat Autò}noma de Barcelona, and the Econometrics Seminar at Tilburg University. Financial support from the Belgian government, under project PAI P4/01, at the IRES-UCL, from a European Marie Curie fellowship, Grant HPMF-CT-1999-00410, at the CEPREMAP, and from IVIE and Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología and FEDER, under project BEC2001-0535, at the Universidad de Alicante, is gratefully acknowledged.     

团队软件过程的研究与实践

迄今为止 ,学术界和产业界公认CMM是进行软件过程改进和软件过程评估的一个有效的指导框架 ,但是CMM中未提供有关实现子过程域所需要的软件过程持续改进的知识和技能 ,另外 ,软件产业的成功与发展 ,与软件开发单位的过程管理和过程规范密不可分。只有熟悉PSP(个人软件过程 )和TSP(团队软件过程 ) ,才能提供实施CMM所需要的过程管理改善的效果和技能 ,因此 ,进行PSP(个人软件过程 )和TSP(团队软件过程 )的研究与实践便显得十分必要。本文着重对TSP过程进行了具体的描述。     

社会规范对农户参与小型农田水利设施供给行为的影响——基于人际信任的中介效应

基于社会规范视角,从描述性规范、命令性规范、个人规范3个维度构建社会规范评价指标体系,利用实际调查得到的1 076组农户数据,采用二元Logit模型分析了农户参与小型农田水利设施供给行为的影响因素。引入包括亲友信任、村民信任以及一般信任在内的人际信任为中介变量,探究社会规范影响农户参与小型农田水利供给行为的传导路径与机制。研究结果显示:在社会规范中,描述性规范和个人规范对农户参与小型农田水利设施供给行为具有正向作用,命令性规范则具有反向作用,社会规范、人际信任均对农户参与小型农田水利供给行为具有积极作用,社会规范对农户参与供给行为的影响主要为直接效应,人际信任则产生间接效应。     

我国商业银行个人理财业务发展探索

商业银行个人理财业务在我国已经进入高速发展期,但目前国内商业银行提供的个人理财业务却和市场需求差距很大。本文从商业银行个人理财业务的含义引入,分析了我国商业银行个人理财业务中存在的问题,并就存在的问题提出发展建议。     

职务犯罪指定居所监视居住的适用： 统计分析——以1694份判决书为样本

指定监视居住是一种以强制措施满足侦查需要的特殊制度,具有重要的学术史意义,其发展经验对于公安机关指定监视居住的完善,对于监察留置程序的完善都具有重要意义。对全国1694份判决书的研究表明,职务犯罪指定居所监视居住数量呈“山峰”形状,在2014年下半年达到顶峰之后迅速减少,办案级别主要为基层检察院,省际区域性差别较大,适用指定监视居住的案件主要为行贿受贿案件,适用理由主要为本地无固定住所以及办案需要,有五成多的嫌疑人被指定监视居住15天内,指定监视居住平均长达23.63天。其存在的问题是,指定监视居住未发挥替代逮捕的功能,一些案件指定监视居住时间过长,且存在非法指定监视居住、非法讯问的问题。可见,最高人民检察院控制指定监视居住适用案件范围的意图得到了充分的体现,需要确立针对贿赂犯罪的特殊程序,对于满足办案需要的人身自由限制手段应当严格规范其时间限度、讯问程序。     

对我国现时夫妻财产制度的探讨

夫妻财产制度，是有关夫妻财产的使用、归属、管理、收益，以及夫妻债务的清偿，夫妻家庭生活等费用的负担，婚姻终止时夫妻财产的清算和分割等的法律制度。夫妻财产制度是夫妻婚姻家庭生活得以正常运转的物质保证，因而它的完善关系到夫妻财产关系平等与否，关系到与夫妻发生交易的第三人的利益安全问题，关系到社会经济的发展问题。     

期刊参考文献著录格式的统计与分析——以湖北省期刊为例

以湖北省期刊为统计样本,分析《文后参考文献著录规则》（GB/T 7714—2005）的执行情况,针对其中存在的问题提出几点建议：人文社科类期刊要提高对参考文献著录规范的重视程度;不宜用注释代替参考文献列表;参考文献顺序编码制要优于著者-出版年制;文后列出的参考文献,在正文中必须对应标注;专业性较强的英文科技期刊可参照同专业的国际著名刊物进行参考文献著录。     

To tell or not to tell? The roles of perceived norms and self‐consciousness in understanding consumers' willingness to recommend online secondhand apparel shopping

Secondhand apparel shopping resides in a domain characterized by used goods traditionally associated with financially marginalized consumers. Acknowledging the elusive psychological barriers associated with preowned apparel, this study explores mechanisms that facilitate consumers' willingness to recommend online secondhand apparel shopping. Results from three experimental studies and a cross‐sectional survey of online secondhand shoppers in the United States reveal that hedonic and ethical benefits influence recommendation behavior via perceived norms, whereas economic benefit directly influences consumers' willingness to recommend. Moderated mediation analyses further demonstrate that self‐consciousness alters the strength of the indirect effects, such that consumers with lower self‐consciousness displayed greater willingness to recommend compared to highly self‐conscious consumers. Findings contribute to a greater theoretical understanding of the roles perceived norms and self‐consciousness play in facilitating or inhibiting recommendation behavior in a context that implicitly involves self‐disclosure of one's secondhand purchase behavior. Managerial implications offer insights on salient benefits that can be leveraged to influence word‐of‐mouth recommendation.     

The impact of social norms on entrepreneurial action: Evidence from the environmental entrepreneurship context

Using insights from institutional theory, sociology, and entrepreneurship we develop and test a model of the relationship between centralized and decentralized institutions on entrepreneurial activity. We suggest that both decentralized institutions that are socially determined as well as centralized institutions that are designed by governmental authorities are important in promoting firm foundings in the environmental context. In a sample of the U.S. solar energy sector we find that state-sponsored incentives, environmental consumption norms, and norms of family interdependence are related to new firm entry in this sector. Our findings also suggest that the efficacy of state-level policies in the sponsoring of entrepreneurial growth is dependent upon the social norms that prevail in the entrepreneur's environment. We expand entrepreneurship theory and the study of institutions and the natural environment by demonstrating the integral role that social norms play in influencing the creation of new firms and by illustrating the potential effect social norms have on the effect of policy that seeks to encourage environmentally responsible economic activity.     

The economic analysis of social norms: A reappraisal of Hayek’s legacy

This paper is organized as follows: first, we show that the reference to the notion of group selection is coherent with the other parts of Hayek’s thought. Second, we develop the idea that recent works in terms of the emergence and evolution of social norms corroborate in part Hayek’s theses in this domain. Finally, we put to the fore some drawbacks in Hayek’s approach and propose means to solve them.