Optimal Environmental Policy Differentials in Open Economies under Emissions Constraints

Is there a case for preferential treatment of the exposed sector in an economy when compliance to an aggregate emissions constraint induced by an international environmental agreement is mandatory? This question is being debated in many countries in the context of the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. We address the issue in a general equilibrium framework and theoretically cover several market structures, including perfect competition, the large country case and oligopoly. We identify the conditions under which preferential treatment of the exposed sector is not warranted from the point of view of maximizing social welfare. In addition, we demonstrate that in the case of oligopoly, instituting a more stringent environmental policy on the exposed sector might be profit-enhancing for this sector. This finding lends theoretical support to a specific interpretation of the Porter hypothesis.     

钻石理论模型述评

在对波特钻石理论模型概述后，主要从卡特赖特（Cartwright）的多因素钻石模型，邓宁（Dunning）的国际化钻石模型，鲁格曼和克鲁兹（Rugman，Cruz）的双钻石模型，穆恩、鲁格曼和沃伯克（Moon，Rugman，Verbeke）的一般化的双重钻石模型，乔东逊（Cho．D．Sung）的九要素模型等方面对波特钻石理论模型的拓展进行了综述，对波特钻石理论模型作了评论，并对模型进行了修正。     

信息技术对竞争景框的影响--对波特观点的完善与修正

在分析信息技术对企业的影响时，波特教授对竞争景框变化的论述并不全面和完全正确。不全面在于，他只述及信息技术对地理景框和产业景框的影响，没有提到另两个方面——细分景框和纵向景框的变化。不正确在于，他笼统地提竞争景框的扩大或缩小，而竞争景框四方面在外力作用下变化并不总是一致的。本文认为，在信息技术影响下，竞争景框发生了四个方面不同的变化：细分景框、产业景框和纵向景框三个方面是缩小的，地理景框是扩大的。     

Corporate governance,environmental regulations,and technological change

This paper investigates the relationship between environmental regulations and innovation by focusing on the automobile industry in a cross-country setting. We provide empirical evidence that the presence of agency problems mitigates the negative effects of environmental regulations on overall R&D activity, which leads to full compensation when the degree of agency problems is sufficiently high. Guiding our empirical analysis, we provide a general model consistent with the structure of existing ownership data. Specifically, we model ownership structure as a combination of two extreme corporate governance types. On the one extreme there are profit maximizers, and on the other extreme there are managers who are only concerned with their private benefits. The model leads to a simple country level ownership indicator and shows that if an economy is dominated by firms with higher agency problems, then pollution tax might even increase overall R&D, while reducing pollution. According to our estimations, such an outcome is possible only for out-of-sample values of the ownership indicator, where the degree of agency problems is extremely high.     

中国的国际贸易与外商投资

随着中国经济的发展,越来越多的外商决定来中国投资.通过使用波特的钻石理论来分析中国的市场,我们可以清楚的看到,中国的国际贸易与外商投资情况发展的很好.     

新环保法实施增大了企业的技术创新投入吗？——基于PSM-DID方法的研究

以2012—2017年A股上市公司为样本,借助双重差分倾向得分匹配法（PSM-DID）研究了新环保法实施这一外生性事件对企业技术创新投入的影响。结果显示,新环保法实施后受影响企业的技术创新投入有所增加,但结果并不显著。进一步探究其原因,发现除新环保法影响可能存在的时滞性特征以外,企业并没有在新环保法实施环境下对企业的资本结构、治理结构和激励方案等影响企业技术创新的重大方面做出及时调整,导致环保法的强制性作用无法快速、有效地影响企业的技术创新。     

“环保费改税”提高了重污染企业全要素生产率吗？

《环境保护税法》的实施为检验“环保费改税”的效果提供了准自然实验。以2015—2020年沪深A股重污染行业上市公司为样本,采用双重差分模型（DID）检验了“环保费改税”对重污染企业全要素生产率的影响。研究结果表明：“环保费改税”显著提高了税费负担提标地区重污染企业的全要素生产率,整体上支持了“波特假说”;但是,税费负担提标地区重污染企业全要素生产率的提高并非源于“环保费改税”引发的创新补偿效应,而是源于“环保费改税”增加了资源配置效率。上述结果支持了“波特假说”有关“环境规制优化了资源配置效率进而提高企业生产率”的结论。进一步分析发现,“环保费改税”对税费负担提标地区重污染企业全要素生产率的提升效应在民营企业和研发投入强度大的企业中更显著。     

基于波特钻石模型的中国汽车金融产业竞争力分析

本文以汽车金融为独立金融产业,在波特钻石模型基础上引入金融竞争力若干指标,对我国汽车金融产业的生产要素、国内需求、支持性产业和相关产业、公司结构、战略和竞争分析进行分析。研究发现我国汽车金融产业竞争力存在复合型汽车金融人才匮乏、资金来源限制多、消费征信制度缺失、汽车信贷产品单一、市场开发不够,产业集中度低等问题。最后从产业政策、法律制度与监督管理三方面提出了汽车金融产业竞争力的提升对策。     

浅析《灰白马、灰白骑手》的作品结构和文艺形象

《灰白马、灰白骑手》是一则书写具体经验的故事。它运用空间的转换,体现主题——战争的混乱——政治、社会、心理和道德的暗示。在不算长的篇幅中,把素材、主题、结构和风格融为一体,揭示出在疾病、战争和死亡的威胁下西方人的处境和对待人生的态度。     

A critique of Porter＇s cost leadership and differentiation strategies

Porter identifies high market share with cost leadership, citing GM as a successful practitioner of this strategy. However, GM became a market share leader in the American automobile industry due to a strategy of market segmentation, differentiation and a broad scope shaped during the 1920s. Porter argues that cost leadership and differentiation offer an equally viable path to competitive success. Nevertheless, a differentiation strategy based on superior quality compared to competition is more profitable than cost leadership strategy. It can lead a business to become a market share leader, and consequently even a low-cost leader. Research indicates that differentiation and cost leadership can co-exist. However, Porter insists that each generic strategy requires a different culture and a totally different philosophy. The problem is that Porter＇s generic strategies are too broad. It is not his logic that is flawed, but his basic premise that prescribes cost leadership strategy as the only route to market share leadership, and presents a narrow view of differentiation with a unique product--sold at a premium price--on the one hand, and a ＂standard, or no-frills＂ product on the other. Mintzburg （1988） says Porter＇s cost leadership strategy should be called ＂price differentiation＂： a strategy that is based on a lower price than that of the competition. He suggests that business strategy has two dimensions： differentiation and scope. Thus, setting scope aside, competitive strategy has only one component： differentiation. So, the key question is not whether to differentiate, but how？ First, make customer-perceived quality as the foundation of competitive strategy because it is far more critical to long-term success than any other factor. Second, serve the middle class by competing in the mid-price segment, offering better quality than the competition at a somewhat higher price. It is this path that can lead to market share leadership--a strategy that can be both profitable--and sustainable.