Test validation from a conceptual and legal perspective: Issues and trends

A little-explored issue in the psychological and legal literature involves test validation. This article discusses issues of test validation from both psychological and legal perspectives. Areas of inconsistency are noted and probable future directions are high-lighted.     

The regulatory framework, unplanned development and urban poverty: Findings from Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

The regulatory framework adopted in many urban areas of the developing countries has been blamed for aiming at unrealistically high standards and for being bureaucratic, thus putting legal land and shelter out of reach of poor households. The latter end up living in unplanned settlements, which develop irregularly, sometimes on marginal land, lacking basic infrastructure. Poverty is therefore perpetuated. This paper evaluates planning standards and administrative procedures as applied to a specific scheme at the outskirts of the city of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. It is shown that the high standards for plot sizes and road reserves resulted into the production of only 3900 instead of 15,000 plots over the same area, had more realistic standards been adopted. The unit cost per plot would have been a quarter of what it came to be. Centralised and bureaucratic set-ups and procedures resulted into unnecessarily long periods before planning schemes could be implemented; or land, certificates of title or building permits made available to would-be developers. Many develop the land without these permits or titles. Land was much easier to get in unplanned areas but converting it to legality was virtually impossible.The policy framework supports the revision of planning standards; the incorporation of communities and the private sector in land delivery; and the decentralisation and streamlining of procedures. In practice, officials aim at high standards, centralised and lengthy administrative procedures, and direct public sector involvement in land delivery. Evidence is provided of the deleterious effects of the continued hesitation to address the regulatory framework whose revision downwards would result into more legal land being available, faster and at a lower cost; thus reaching more of the low income households, reducing unplanned development and making a positive impact on dealing with urban poverty.     

中国新农业经营方式探究

伴随现代农业的深入发展,农业经营方式不断创新,但同时出现了制约现代农业体系顺利构建的负面因素,通过分析这些问题产生的缘由,提出了加强完善新农业经营方式的几点建议。     

从东北三省增值税改革成效论增值税转型

税制改革必须与经济发展相适应,我国市场经济体制的日趋完善,已对增值税转型提出了迫切的要求。如何进一步完善现行增值税以更好地发挥其功能,实行增值税转型的改革,是我国新一轮税制改革的重要环节。以东北三省增值税改革为契机,在全国范围内的增值税转型已到适当时机。以消费型增值税作为增值税进一步改革的目标,根据我国经济发展的实际情况,本着积极稳妥的原则,使增值税税制适应并促进社会主义市场经济的完善和发展。     

试析代议制度下立法主体的改革

全国人民代表大会及其常务委员会是最高国家权力机关,同时也是最高国家立法机关.现阶段,我国的立法状况从总体上来说是涉及到了公民生活的方方面面,但也存在着立法体制模糊,法律之间相互冲突的现状.这归根到底在于立法主体之间权限的模糊、在全国人大和全国人大常委会之间立法权力的分配不明确.要想立法体系清晰,必须解决这个问题.     

Cream‐Filled Cookies: An Assurance In‐Class Case

This case presents students with a case situation that they can visualize, resulting in some unique learning opportunities. The case is an assurance simulation centered on cookies that can be purchased in the grocery store that have a cream filling, and the same type of cookie but with twice as much cream filling. These cookies are manufactured by various companies including long‐standing brands and generic brands from national supermarkets. Given the popularity of these cookies, and the ease of access to them, they make for a perfect introductory simulation to students during their first assurance class. Mr. Cookie becomes a fictional character in the case to represent the client that the auditors are working for. The case is easy enough for students to work independently, and has been tested in both small and large classes; working equally as well. It does require the instructor to invest in some cookies and measurement tools such as rulers, plastic knives and weigh scales. The group discussion at the end consistently results in students gaining a greater understanding of the scope and limitations of assurance services, setting the foundation for the balance of the introductory assurance course.     

Growth Beyond National Borders

Abstract

Among OPEC (Organization of Oil Producing Countries) members, Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA) possesses the largest FDIs in refineries. The high degree of internationalization achieved by PDVSA has placed it among the most important oil multinationals. By analyzing PDVSA's internationalization strategy, this paper attempts to fill the gaps in the specialized literature on multinationals from developing countries. It argues that corporate decision-making processes are different in a developing country context and, as such, require specific attention. The analysis of the decision-making process set in motion to implement the internationalization of PDVSA offers a fertile ground for gaining key insight into the balance between government decision-making processes and corporate strategy.

RESUMEN

Entre los miembros de OPEP (Organización de Países Productores de Petróleo), Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA) es la empresa que posee las mayores refinerías IED. El alto grado de internacionalización alcanzado por PDVSA, ha posicionado a la empresa entre las mayores multinacionales petroleras del mundo. A través del análisis de la estrategia de internacionalización de PDVSA, este estudio pretende llenar las brechas existentes en la literatura especializada sobre las multinacionales de los países en desarrollo. El artículo aboga que los procesos de toma de decisiones corporativas son distintos en el contexto de un país en desarrollo y, por ende, exigen mayor atención. El análisis del proceso de toma de decisiones puesto en marcha para implementar la internacionalización de PDVSA, ofrece un suelo fértil para adquirir una percepción mayor del equilibrio que existe entre los procesos de toma de decisiones gubernamentales y la estrategia corporativa.

RESUMO

Entre os membros da OPEP (Organização dos Países Exportadores de Petróleo), a Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA) possui o maior Investimento Direto Estrangeiro (FDI) emrefinarias. O alto grau de internacionalização atingido pela PDVSA, colocou-a entre as mais importantes multinacionais do petróleo. Este estudo, através da análise da estratégia de internacionalização da PDVSA, busca preencher as lacunas da literatura especializada em multinacionais de países em desenvolvimento. Argumenta-se que os processos de tomada de decisão corporativa são diferentes no contexto de um país desenvolvido e, portanto, exigem uma atenção especial. A análise do processo de tomada de decisão, utilizado para implementar a internacionalização da PDVSA, oferece um solo fértil para se obter uma percepção fundamental do equilíbrio entre os processos governamentais de tomada de decisão e a estratégia corporativa.     

论税收程序法的法域属性及税收关系划分

税收关系是一个包括“两大类四小种”的综合性社会关系,税收分配关系与税收征纳关系的分立、“债务关系”与“权力关系”的异质,客观上要求以调整税收分配关系为对象的税收实体法（税收债务法）与以税收征纳关系为规范对象的税收程序法的相对独立.税收程序法是具有特定内涵、范围、属性的法律现象,具有作为相对独立的法域进行研究的品格.现代税收程序法是一部体现民主、公正、效率的法律,在整个税法体系中具有保障地位,是实现税收法治目标的关键.     

石英晶体谐振器生产工艺流程综述

<正> 推进企业的海外经营已成为我国经济的一个新思路。对于这一战略的必要性与可行性可以从多方面来说明。从企业制度的角度看,正如国内经济改革最难的攻坚战是在国有企业中建立现代企业制度一样,国有企业开拓海外经营的难点和关键也是企业制度问题。中国企业能不能走向海外,有整个经济发展水平方面的因素,但同样重要的是企业     

论中国近代旅游企业集团——中国旅行社的经营之道

中国旅行社是民国时期规模最大、信用最好的旅游企业集团,不仅注重自身的内部管理,也很着意于业务的经营。严格操作程序,加强接待管理;注重营销,力求业务经营的改善;以市场为导向,注重调查研究等都是它值得当今旅游企业借鉴的经营之道。