学术印记、网络惯例与大学衍生企业产业嵌入

在大学衍生企业创业实践中,与产业主体间缺乏合作默契已成为大学衍生企业向产业网络嵌入的重要阻滞因素。针对该问题,基于网络惯例新视角,从大学衍生企业学术创生背景带来的异质性入手,构建“学术印记—网络惯例—产业网络嵌入”作用模型,探索技术动荡性的调节效应。运用多元回归分析等方法,对379家大学衍生企业调研数据进行实证检验。结果表明,大学衍生企业学术印记对网络惯例建立具有积极促进作用。同时,在向产业嵌入过程中,网络惯例对产业网络嵌入两个维度的作用机制存在差异,与结构嵌入存在倒U型关系,但正向促进关系嵌入。技术动荡性在“学术印记—网络惯例—产业网络关系嵌入”关系中具有正向调节作用。     

How useful is generalized Darwinism as a framework to study competition and industrial evolution?

The role of Darwinist concepts in evolutionary economics has long been a contentious issue. The controversy has recently been rekindled by the proposal of a “Universal” or “generalized” Darwinism, which holds that the ontology of all evolutionary systems accords to the Darwinist scheme of variation, selection and inheritance. This paper focuses on the application of the generalized Darwinist framework to the analysis of markets and industries. It argues that selection and inheritance concepts narrowly construed after the biological example are of limited usefulness. As an alternative to the ‘top–down’ approach of Universal Darwinism, the development of ‘bottom–up’ theories is advocated.

The role of university Knowledge Transfer Offices: Not just commercialize research outputs!

While there is a prevailing rich body of studies on the role of university knowledge transfer office (KTO) in the commercialization process as part of the Third Mission, research on its role in community engagement activities is relatively neglected, even as funding agencies and policy makers conceive these as instrumental to sustaining social and economic development. This article focuses on the role of university KTO in supporting, facilitating or undertaking Third Mission community engagement activities. Drawing on data from the annual Higher Education Business and Community Interaction survey for the years 2007–2012, this paper empirically explores the relationship between a range of Third Mission activities by university KTO and performance of three key business-community services – provision of consultancy, provision of continuous professional development courses (CPD), and leasing of facilities and equipment (FE). It emerges that the routines of developing strategic plan and creating spin-off are positively associated with all types of community knowledge transfer (CKT) activities. Further, the routines of establishing partnerships with local and regional bodies, and licensing are positively related to CPD and FE, respectively. The article is concluded with implications for theory, practice, policy, and suggestions for future research.     

Stability and change in management accounting over time—A century or so of evidence from Guinness

In recent years, much has been written on the nature of management accounting change, and indeed stability. Many researchers have used concepts such as rules and routines to interpret this change and/or stability. Recent research has provided an increasingly clear picture of what rules and routines are, as well as contributing to our understanding of the processes of change and stability in management accounting.Management accounting research has mainly presented rules and routines as related phenomena, but some conceptual work has suggested they are separable and can (and possibly should) be considered independently when studying processes of change/stability within management accounting. However, empirical support for such work has been scarce to date. This paper uses data from the archival records of the Guinness company in an effort to establish whether rules and routines, at least in management accounting research, are best considered separable concepts or not. The archival records are artefacts of rules and routines and thus can be used to trace the interactions of rules and routines over time. Support for the notion that rules and routines should be considered separately is presented. The findings also portray the stable, but changing, nature of management accounting routines over time; a point worthy of further research.     

双元联盟网络如何影响突破式创新——技术能力与网络惯例的调节作用

不同类型联盟网络涉及不同程度的知识共享和知识泄露风险，并有可能对突破式创新产生差异化影响。选取合肥、南京和苏州253个企业为样本，探究企业探索性联盟网络和开发性联盟网络分别对突破式创新的直接效应，以及技术能力和网络惯例等内外部情境变量对两种关系的调节效应。结果发现：探索性联盟网络对突破式创新具有倒U型效应；开发性联盟网络对突破式创新不具有曲线效应，仅是正向线性关系；内外部不同情境变量对探索性、开发性联盟网络具有不同调节效应。其中，技术能力仅对探索性联盟网络与突破式创新间关系具有显著正向调节作用；网络惯例对开发性联盟网络与突破式创新间关系具有显著正向调节作用。研究结论对组建企业联盟和推动企业技术创新发展具有一定指导意义。     

新创企业的即兴行为如何转化为惯例:创业学习与交互记忆系统的作用研究

在动荡的环境下,"即兴"是创业过程中的一种普遍行为,其在组织中的潜在价值吸引了越来越多的学者的关注。与此同时,"惯例"作为组织内部的一个核心要素,学者们已经开始意识到惯例在新创企业中的重要性。但是目前鲜有研究从本质上探讨新创企业即兴行为和惯例之间的关系。文章基于创业情境,首次验证了新创企业即兴行为和惯例之间的关系,并检验了创业学习和交互记忆系统在其中扮演的角色。运用162个新创企业数据进行实证分析发现,即兴行为对新创企业的惯例具有显著的正向影响;创业学习的两个维度,利用式创业学习和探索式创业学习,均在其中发挥了部分中介的作用;交互记忆系统在即兴行为和惯例的关系中具有显著的负向调节作用;同时,交互记忆系统显著调节利用式创业学习和探索式创业学习的中介作用。研究结论对新创企业惯例形成的研究具有重要的理论意义,对新兴经济背景下新创企业的生存和发展亦有重要的实践意义。     

Routines and the sustainable lock-out of Moroccan oil refineries

For many years, researchers have tried to shed light into the black box of economic agents to investigate the mechanisms that guide their actions. Evolutionary economists have used the concept of ‘routines’ to explain why some firms are more innovative than others. The case study on French and Moroccan oil refineries presented in this paper suggests that this concept can also be used to explore differences in the way these firms manage health, safety, and environmental (HSE) issues. An improved understanding of firms' HSE behaviour allows policy-makers to design policies that can foster the emergence of strong HSE routines and substantially improve firms' HSE performance. Results show that, in spite of low HSE regulatory pressures in Morocco, Samir oil refineries operating in the Kingdom have developed an HSE management routine. A tabled presentation of the HSE management routine of Samir and of the French group Total allows us to compare the HSE behaviour of these firms, and to suggest how new routines could trigger a lock-out from the low HSE performance of Samir.     

惯例多元性：研发联盟何以提升治理绩效

网络组织内部结构优化与运行效率提升离不开惯例这一重要的知识资源，作为描述联盟组织行为方式的一般术语，联盟惯例表现为稳定的做事方式、标准化的作业程序和统一的行为准则等多种形式，并且在协调主体之间合作关系、增强组织内部稳定程度以及提升经验信息交流效率等方面发挥着重要作用。基于上海、南京和杭州地区261家企业调研数据，从惯例多元性视角出发，将联盟惯例解构为行动逻辑、内隐规范和交互共识，研究不同治理机制下联盟企业提升合作绩效的问题，同时揭示多元联盟惯例在研发联盟治理过程中的作用机理。研究结果表明：契约治理机制与研发联盟绩效之间存在倒U型关系，关系治理机制与研发联盟绩效之间存在正向关系；联盟惯例的3个维度对其调节效应不同，其中，行动逻辑和内隐规范对契约治理机制与联盟绩效之间的关系均有显著正向调节效应，而交互共识对契约治理机制与联盟绩效之间的关系有显著负向调节效应，同时，交互共识对关系治理机制与联盟绩效之间的关系有显著正向调节效应。     

Routines and the environment: Bridging the gaps

The paper examines the hypothesis that the mechanisms used by firms to improve their environmental performance are organisational routines. The concept of routines has been developed by evolutionary economists to investigate firms' innovative behaviour, but it has not been used to study how firms address environmental issues. Based on an applicable definition of routines, a methodology is designed to identify environmental routines in a case study of 13 oil refineries located in four different countries. Results confirm the hypothesis for firms operating under strict environmental regulations (France, UK). A comparative analysis of the degrees of routineness of the environmental mechanisms used by case study firms reveals and explains important gaps between European and North African refineries. Solutions to reduce them are proposed.     

Linking routines to operations capabilities: A new perspective

A typical approach to studying capabilities in the operations management literature is to assess the intended or realized competitive operational performance and their contribution to business and organizational objectives. While it is crucial to identify the operational performance that helps create competitive advantage, it is equally important to understand the means for delivering the needed performance at the operational level. Drawing on the resource-based view (RBV), we argue that routines are a critical source of operations capabilities and subsequently investigate operations capabilities by means of their underlying routines. Because a common problem to studying capabilities is the ambiguous and confusing definitions, we conduct an extensive literature review to address the semantic confusion among various definitions of capabilities and delineate it from other related terms. We identify improvement and innovation as two critical plant level capabilities, each consisting of a bundle of interrelated yet distinct routines. We then empirically measure the two capabilities as second-order latent variables and estimate their effects on a set of operational performance measures. The results suggest that routines form internally consistent bundles which are significantly related to operational performance. This supports our notion of “capabilities as routine bundles” that are difficult to imitate and thus a source of competitive advantage.