Partner violence as a risk factor for mental health among women from communities in the Philippines,Egypt, Chile,and India

Although studies have documented the association between Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and mental health, few have been done in developing countries. In this study, the association between IPV and mental health in women from different developing countries was established.

Women, 15 to 49 years old with at least one child 18 years old or younger, were randomly selected from communities in Chile, Egypt, India, and the Philippines (N = 3974). The Self Report questionnaire (SRQ) was used to assess mental health. Women with a score on the SRQ of 8 or more, or who reported ever attempting suicide, were classified as having poor mental health. Physical IPV was defined as being slapped, hit, kicked, beaten or threatened by a male partner during the past year. Psychological violence included being insulted or belittled, threatened or abandoned.

Between 22.5% (in Egypt) to 41% (in Chile) of participating women reported a score of eight or more on the SRQ. High scores on the SRQ were significantly associated with current physical and psychological IPV in the samples from all participating countries except Chile. Twelve percent of women in Chile, 2.6%, in Egypt, 7.5% in India and 1.6% in the Philippines reported attempting suicide. Suicide attempts were also associated with current physical IPV in the Philippines, Egypt, and India, and with psychological violence in Egypt and India.

IPV is a significant risk factor for poor mental health in these developing countries. Efforts to reduce IPV should be considered as part of a mental health program.     

Ability of crime,demographic and business data to forecast areas of increased violence

ABSTRACT

Identifying geographic areas and time periods of increased violence is of considerable importance in prevention planning. This study compared the performance of multiple data sources to prospectively forecast areas of increased interpersonal violence. We used 2011–2014 data from a large metropolitan county on interpersonal violence (homicide, assault, rape and robbery) and forecasted violence at the level of census block-groups and over a one-month moving time window. Inputs to a Random Forest model included historical crime records from the police department, demographic data from the US Census Bureau, and administrative data on licensed businesses. Among 279 block groups, a model utilizing all data sources was found to prospectively improve the identification of the top 5% most violent block-group months (positive predictive value = 52.1%; negative predictive value = 97.5%; sensitivity = 43.4%; specificity = 98.2%). Predictive modelling with simple inputs can help communities more efficiently focus violence prevention resources geographically.     

网络暴力治理： 平台责任与守门人角色

网络暴力不仅侵害个人法益,而且破坏健康的网络生态。网络暴力概念的失焦,群体聚合作用下个体责任的模糊,表达自由与网络监管的平衡需要,使得网络暴力的治理面临诸多困难。在网络暴力多元共治的基本前提下,除了个体责任的认定之外,应当重视对网络平台的法律规制。不论是从网络技术和传播学的原理还是从法律责任认定的角度,这都是合理的选择。在当下网络空间违法信息与内容的治理中,突出大型网络平台的守门人角色,已经成为国外代表性法案的做法,这也是我国网络暴力规制的重要制度设计方案。网络平台守门人角色的法理内涵,可以从技术措施和义务承担两个角度来具体展开。网络平台守门人制度应当符合我国网络监管模式的国情,重视民法、行政法、刑法等不同部门法的不同规范目标追求,为其合理构建层级性差异,并通过明确可操作的具体规定来落实。     

Amazon forest on the edge of collapse in the Maranhão State,Brazil

The year 2019 in Brazil was marked by environmental setbacks, which catalyzed the increase of illegal deforestation and fire rates in the Brazilian Amazon. In the Amazon region of Maranhão state, original forest cover diminished from 25 % (24,700 km²) in 2016 to 24 % (23,967 km²) in 2019, and 6,038 km² of remaining forests were degraded by fires and/or illegal logging – processes related to high levels of violence against indigenous and rural communities. Almost half of all deforested areas in the region (36,060 km²) are considered a global restoration hotspot, however secondary vegetation remains unprotected and 8,294 km² were cleared between 2014 and 2018. Due to uncontrolled deforestation and fragmentation, Maranhão has no more forest core areas (outside protected areas) with the minimum size to ensure sustainable forest management practices for timber production. New policies at the state level must promote old-growth and secondary forest conservation and restoration. However, the trends point to the opposite direction: the Ecological-Economic Zoning (ZEE) allows the reduction of forest protection and the State Forest Policy reinforces federal legislation setbacks. The Amazon region of Maranhão state has forest aptitude, and forest and agroforestry product chains would bring social and environmental benefits, making them the best opportunity for sustainable economic development in the region. Therefore, the forest must be re-planted for the benefit of people and nature.     

Characteristics of non-fatal injuries in Leon,Nicaragua – 2004

This article describes the epidemiology of injuries collected in the Injury Surveillance System in Leon Hospital in Nicaragua. A total of 6659 persons were treated for injuries in 2004. It was discovered that 88% of all injuries were unintentional, 9% involved interpersonal violence, 2% were self-inflicted and 0.2% was undetermined. Men accounted for 64.7% of the cases, with the highest rate among 20 – 24 year olds (5625.8 per 100 000 inhabitants). Among women, the highest rate was in those aged 64 years and older (5324.2 per 100 000 inhabitants). The most common mechanisms were falls (33.9%), blunt force (26.8%), cut/pierce/stab (15.1%) and transportation-related (12.8%). These results indicate the need to identify prevention strategies for those injuries that were most commonly treated in emergency, such as unintentional falls among older women, self-inflicted poisoning among young women and blunt force and transportation-related injuries among young men.     

Poverty and crime in 19th century Germany

We estimate the impact of poverty on crime in 19th century Bavaria, Germany. Rainfall is used as an instrumental variable for grain (rye) prices to address econometric identification problems in the existing literature. The rye price was a major determinant of living standards during this period. The rye price has a positive effect on property crime: a one standard deviation increased property crime by 8%. OLS estimates are twice as large as instrumental variable estimates, highlighting the value of our empirical approach. Higher rye prices lead to significantly less violent crime, though, and we argue that higher beer prices, caused by the higher rye prices, are a likely explanation.     

公权力与私权利的博弈——浅析"暴力拆迁"中公权与私权的冲突与协调

随着城市化建设和飞速的经济增长,新村改造、房地产开发等项目催生了:暴力拆迁"这一热点话题.然而,错综复杂的利益网充斤于拆迁中,公权力与私权利的博弈在现代社会愈演愈烈.如何引导拆迁走向和谐是迫在眉睫的任务.     

暴力资讯与未成年人犯罪实证研究——以社会学习理论为主要修正对象

以未成年人是否犯罪、未成年犯罪人是否实施暴力犯罪为因变量的对数回归模型显示,接触暴力资讯能增大未成年人犯罪的发生比却不能增大未成年犯罪人选择实施暴力犯罪的发生比。这表明,未成年人通过暴力资讯(符号示范)所习得的并非攻击性的行为方式本身,而是反规范的态度或行为倾向。回归模型还显示,在社会学习理论中居于重要地位的家庭示范和亚文化群示范在未成年人犯罪促成过程中的实际地位已让位于媒体,媒体暴力问题的严重性可见一斑。相应地,被普遍认为能够对暴力资讯促成未成年人犯罪作出合理解释的社会学习理论,亦当做出适当修正。     

从“网络暴力”案看网络实名制

面对复杂的网络环境，网络实名与匿名孰是孰非、如何解决网络中的诚信危机、实名与匿名何去何从？接二连三的“网络暴力”事件挑战着长期以来缺少约束的网络，实名制与匿名制在争议中成为焦点。     

Climate change,weather shocks,and violent conflict: a critical look at the evidence

We use cross‐country data to explore whether temperature and rainfall shocks trigger violent conflict, or not. We include a wide range of country and time samples, and explore whether the impact of weather shocks is conditional on income or political regimes. Our overall conclusion is sobering. Notwithstanding the attention this topic has attracted from the media and policy makers, we find little robust evidence linking weather shocks to the onset of conflict.