Revising price history: consumer price index for Norway 1492–2018

ABSTRACT

The paper presents a new combined annual cost of living and consumer price index for Norway covering 1492–2018, indicating that Norwegian price history has to be revised. The new historical price index is constructed on a significantly richer data material, which also makes it cover a longer period of price history than the existing one. This is made possible by the compilation of quantitative data from numerous sources, mostly originating from the eighteenth, nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with grain prices stretching back to 1492. The new combined cost of living and consumer price index is constructed by a Laspeyres approach with shifting baskets for commodities and expenditure groups.

The index makes it possible to follow annual inflation and deflation in Norway for a period of 526 years. When comparing to existing indices, the new series reveals that revisions are needed in Norwegian price history. These make the historical price development more in line with those of the neighbouring countries and more in line with the pattern of wholesale prices.     

Cross-national differences in stakeholder management: Applying institutional theory and comparative capitalism framework

Drawing upon the research in institutional theory and comparative capitalism, the present study investigates how cross-national differences in the political, business, and economic institutional contexts of the United States, Italy, and Japan are associated with the ways in which companies in each of these countries prioritize and engage in their stakeholder engagement activities (SEAs). Using Porter and Kramer's framework, which classifies corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities as falling into four categories (good citizenship, mitigating harm from value chain, transforming value chain activities, and strategic philanthropy), we investigate how companies in the United States, Japan, and Italy prioritize and engage in these four SEAs. An analysis of data collected from 340 companies across these countries reveals that while companies in each of these three countries undertake the four types of SEAs, the prioritization and prevalence of the four types of SEAs vary from one country to the other, in ways that align with the prevailing institutional contexts of each country. The results contribute to a more nuanced understanding of why and how companies' approaches to CSR differ across countries. From a practitioner's perspective, the findings highlight the cultural specificity of CSR, implying that despite the global nature of CSR, the implementation of CSR needs to be tailored to a country's context.     

“Sensing” the destination: Development of the destination sensescape index

Despite the increasing academic interest in the sensory dimension of the tourist experience, the quantitative empirical research in the field is limited by a lack of measurement instruments for evaluating the sensory stimuli perceived by tourists during a destination visit. The study addresses this gap by developing a composite index to assess the sensory destination panorama, termed as “destination sensescape”. The construct is conceptualised as a formative multidimensional variable with 5 dimensions (visualscape, smellscape, tastescape, soundscape, and hapticscape). The psychometric validity and reliability of the 17 items integrating the formative index were established by a rigorous multi-step procedure based on three empirical studies. The instrument was tested with data collected from visitors of a Mediterranean urban destination. The operationalisation of the destination sensescape construct not only paves the way for future quantitative sensory studies, but also yields a useful tool for Destination Marketing Organisations (DMOs).     

基于模糊意见集中排序法的建筑工程资格预审

建筑工程资格预审无论对业主还是对承包商都至关重要，根据建筑工程的特点，在目前普遍采用的资格预审评价方法的基础之上，总结了进行资格预审的评价指标体系，并提出了基于模糊数学意见集中排序法的建筑工程资格预审方法。     

Relative risk aversion, relative prudence and comparative statics under uncertainty: The case of (μ, σ)‐preferences

From the expected‐utility approach, relative risk aversion being smaller than one and relative prudence being smaller than two emerge as preference restrictions that fully determine the optimal responses of decisions under uncertainty to certain shifts in probability distributions. We characterize the magnitudes of relative risk aversion and relative prudence in terms of the two‐parameter, mean‐standard deviation approach. We demonstrate that this characterization is instrumental in obtaining comparative static results in the two‐parameter setting. We further relate our findings to the results in the expected‐utility framework.     

基于农业产业化的河南省区域差距研究

文章通过泰尔指数发现从1990年到2005年，河南省区域经济的差距处于一个快速扩大的阶段。通过定量分析发现，河南省区域经济发展水平和发展速度与农业生产具有一定的负相关性，通过定性和定量分析发现，农业产业化对区域差距缩小具有一定的作用，但不起主要作用，一是由于目前河南省农业产业化水平相对还是比较低，农业收入还仅仅停留于农产品的买卖价格，工资性收入所占比重过低，二是农业产业化龙头企业带动能力还是比较弱，带动面小，限制了农区经济的发展水平和速度，最后提出了几点建议。     

关于铁路精益生产指标体系及其作用的经济学分析

在铁路精益生产制推行过程中,要特别重视指标体系的构建及其作用的发挥。考核指标体系构建紧密结合铁路运输生产特点和生产流程,以完整运输产品供给为导向,以信息化为基础,以组织模式优化为保障,注重精益生产考核指标体系的激励性。     

烯烃装置的绩效分析—一种微观经济的比较研究方法

所罗门管理咨询公司（SAI）是成立于1981年一家美国咨询公司，其经营特色是通过研究企业（客户）绩效确定其获得成功的关键因素，并通过同类企业绩效对比研究的方法，为企业（客户）指明改进绩效跻身先进的途径和措施，创建20年来以其独有的服务特色和经营理念赢得了广大客户，行业覆盖面由初始的炼油，扩大到目前包括石油，化工，造纸，汽车制造，运输，电力，银行等多个领域，成为在某些行业，特别是炼,石化行业颇具声誉的咨询机构，其中企业绩效分析评估更是该公司时间最久，又最具领先地位的核心业务，即以石化行业中的烯烃工厂为例，就已八，九十家作为客户参与其每二年一次的绩效分析活动，我国于1998年开始有一家参与了ASI的第7次全球烯烃绩效分析，参评情况当时就受到了业内领导层重视，以国于1998年开始有一定参与了SAI的第7次全球烯烃绩效分析，参评情况当时就受到了业内领导层重视，以后陆续又有多家企业参加，使这一方法在国内有愈来愈大的影响，希望了解并对此感兴越的人士也逐渐增多，为了实践本刊关注新热点的报道方针，本刊在2000年即着大的影响，希望了解并对此感兴越的人士也逐渐增多，为了实践本直关注新热点的报道方针，本刊在2000年邓着手组织有关这方面的搞件，本文即为其中之一，由于出版安排的原因（其中也有尽先刊载SAI作者来稿的考虑），延至本期才得以达览，而其间，应《 乙烯工业》要求，在该刊2001年第1期上先行发表，则是为了配合中石化集团公司七展烯烃装置绩效比较分析活动的需要，所作出的适应性调整而为之的，请读者谅察，同时本刊热希望并允迎已尼参与此项工作的科技，经济工作者，充分利用本刊这个载体，就绩效分析这个题目，与读者进行更具体，更务实的沟通与交流。所罗门管理咨询公司（SAI）的烯烃装置绩效分析方法是一种将同行各装置进行相对比较，然后确定各装置在其产的相对位置的方法，该方法与国内现行的竞争力分析方法相比更具科学性和可比性，此方法中包含了许多国内企业比较陌生的概念和做法，在此对该方法的特点，作用以及参评装置在提供数据时应注意的问题作了简单介绍，并以国内较早参与此项工作的J装置为例，介绍了该方法进行了情况。     

公路建设中路线方案多属性决策方法的研究

路线方案的比选是公路建设项目前期的一项重要工作,直接影响着项目建设能否达到预期的目标以及项目投入运营中的使用效果,如行车的安全性、舒适性、快捷性等。进行路线方案比选时,要考虑路线的线形合理性、对周边地区环境影响,项目经济效益、施工难易等多种因素对影响。本文在分析路线方案比选复杂性的基础上,对多种决策方法进行对比,选择TOPSIS法作为路线方案的决策方法。算例的结果表明该方法应用的可行性和有效性。