Price competition during and after promotions

We provide a framework for setting regular prices and using promotional discounts in a duopoly where long‐term promotional effects are present and the firms' pricing and promotional strategies are common knowledge (e.g., as in online markets). We show that at equilibrium, the two firms may not promote and instead adopt an Everyday Low Price (EDLP) strategy. Consumers' tendency to stockpile promoted products, the level of brand loyalty and product differentiation, and the possibility of a postpromotional sales increase critically influence regular prices, price discount rates, and profits. Under some conditions consumer stockpiling intensifies promotional competition and reduces firms' profits while the possibility of attracting new consumers reduces the need to heavily promote and ensures better profits. Managerial implications are discussed. Copyright © 2007 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

试谈对法律责任适用中竞合问题的处理

《森林法》是我国林业建设的基本法 ,它既是一部护林法 ,又是一部兴林法 ,保护森林资源是森林法的宗旨。但现实中破坏森林资源的行为时有发生 ,我国《森林法》专章规定了对违反森林法规定的行为所应承担的法律后果。违反森林法律规范是产生法律责任的前提 ,法律制裁则是法律责任的必然后果。根据违反森林法律规范行为的性质和程度不同 ,森林法中的法律责任主要分为刑事责任和行政责任。责任种类差别决定执行处罚的机关不同 ,而不同机关对违法行为处罚所适用的程序法和实体法也不同 ,因此各种责任在适用中会出现竞合情况。正确处理好各种责任之间的衔接 ,首先要区分违反森林法律规范的性质 ,即是一般违法行为还是犯罪 ,这是处理行政责任和刑事责任适用衔接的前提和基础。     

United States and Canadian Rail Freight-Rate Structures: A Carparative Analysis

This paper applies rail freight-rate theory to U.S. and Canadian grain movements for both domestic and export destinations. In this analysis it is established that grain freight rates in the U.S. are largely determined by distance, shipment size, frequency of shipments, intermodal competition, and geographical characteristics of route origins and destinations. Freight rates, therefore, vary depending upon routes. A comparison of U.S. export rates with Canada's statutory rate revealed that the U.S. rate levels, in 1979, were 4.3 and 2.9 times higher for hauling distances of 200 and 1,000 miles respectively in the lowest-rate route; while it was about 7.8 and 7.5 times higher for the same mileage in the highest-rate route. The extent to which the U.S. experience is relevant to Western Canada depends largely on the manner in which Canada's statutory rate is revised after the scheduled review in 1985–86.     

公司法定代表人竞合的影响及对策简析

我国《公司法》经过修订之后,在法定代表人制度的规定中仍存在一些不足之处,比如本文即将论述的法定代表人竞合问题,对这些问题的思考及解决对我国经济将有深远的意义。     

民事责任竞合刍议

民事责任竞合来源于法律规范竞合理论。现代法律都作抽象规定,并且从各种不同角度对社会生活加以规范,所以,经常发生同一个事实符合几个法律规范的要件,致使这几个法律规范竞合。同一民事违法行为同时符合数种民事权利保护的规定,就构成民事责任竞合。民法上的民事责任竞合,就是民事请求权竞合。民事责任的竞合包括多种情况,主要讨论侵权责任与违约责任的竞合。     

浅谈民事责任竞合

民事责任竞合,是发生在民法这一基本法法律部门内部的一种客观法律现象。在司法实践中,发生民事责任竞合是不可避免的。在发生民事责任竞合时,受害人作为请求权人,应当衡量对比各种因素,寻找对自己最为有利的那种请求权,向人民法院提出请求,从而使自己的权利能够得到更为周到的保护,自己的合法利益实现最大化。     

中国区际诉讼竞合的原因与对策

随着香港、澳门的回归以及将来海峡两岸的统一，我国从单一法域向复合法域发展。由于我国对区际平行诉讼采取肯定的态度，从而使诉讼竞合现象不可避免。应借鉴其他国家的经验，以“不方便法院原则”对我国宽泛的管辖权基础进行限缩，以“先诉优先原则”对区际诉讼竞合现象进行规制。     

The intersubsidiary competition in an MNE: evidence from the Greater China region

We examine subsidiary survival from an intersubsidiary competition perspective. Drawing from 87 Taiwanese subsidiaries of MNEs we examine the influences of strategic importance of a subsidiary, resource asymmetry, and characteristics of value activities on the survival rate of a subsidiary. Results show that these factors have differential effects on the survival rates of a firm's foreign subsidiaries. Specifically, strategic importance and gains in intangible resources enhance a subsidiary's survival rate, whereas local responsiveness, gains in physical resources, and similarity and mobility of value‐added activities decrease its survival rate. Copyright © 2007 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cooperative or competitive in alliance formation: Alliance patterns with respect to rivals

Premised on the assumption that strategic alliance is a type of competitive action toward rivals, this study explores how a firm uses alliances differently with respect to rivals. I distinguish between two types of alliances that directly involve rivals: alliance with a rival and with a rival's partner. The former and the latter reflect cooperative‐ and competitive‐orientations respectively. Further, I investigate what drives a focal firm to adopt a particular alliance rather than another. The findings indicate that the key consideration explaining different alliance patterns is the resource profiles of focal and rival firms. This study contributes to the literature on competitive dynamics and strategic alliance by suggesting a new approach to integrate interfirm competition and cooperation. Copyright © 2016 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

违约责任与侵权责任的竞合:经济上的赔偿——对《农村土地承包法》第56条的分析

从违约案例出发,讨论《农村土地承包法》与《合同法》中违约责任与侵权责任的竞合及原因,论述两者的本质属性不同及立法区别,并对具体的法律条文提出了修改、完善的建议。违约责任因违反约定义务而承担责任,侵权责任因违反法定义务而承担责任,前者侵害履行利益即期待利益,后者侵权固有利益即现有利益。