我国私营企业劳资博弈的囚徒困境及其求解

我国私营企业为社会创造了巨大的财富和就业机会,成为以公有制为主体的国民经济发展中必不可少的一部分.但是,在私营企业迅速发展的同时,越来越多的劳资冲突成为其健康、持续发展的阻碍.文章在分析私营企业劳动关系现状的基础上,就工资问题构建了私营企业的劳资合作博弈机制;同时为解决劳资冲突,提出政府在促进劳资合作中应有所作为、发挥企业在促进劳资合作中的作用、劳动者要努力增强在劳资博弈中的力量等对策和建议.     

论战后日本劳资关系的演变及其历史经验

日本战后初期因为资源短缺和长期通货膨胀导致劳资关系冲突不断。在这一冲突过程中,劳资双方最终达成妥协,形成了终身雇佣制惯例。劳资关系退隐,劳使关系凸显。但随着日本经济走向开放,终身雇佣制抬高用工成本的弊端也日渐显露出来。在泡沫经济破灭后,终身雇佣制和年功序列制趋于解体,劳动力要素趋向市场化,新型的劳资关系正在重构过程中。战后日本劳资关系的历史演变表明,合作和谐的劳资关系有利于经济的发展,但终身雇佣制扭曲了劳动力要素市场,并且将劳资关系演变成劳使关系削弱了资方的投资动力,使经济增长缺乏后劲。     

Criticas factors in the successful development of an area labor-management committee

Despite growth of knowledge concerning labor-management cooperation and employee involvement, much remains to be learned about the process of establishing these organizational arrangements. The development of area labor-management committees is an aspect of the process that needs to be more thoroughly understood. This article reports a study of factors that influenced the development of two West Virginia area committees, one of which was relatively successful and the other unsuccessful. The findings, based on systematic evaluations of both committees, identify factors that account for the differences in the committees' success. Among these factors are the influence of a respected community leader; involvement of unions and management that are cooperating at their own plant sites; the service of a capable executive director; and training of executive board members.     

Considering grievance mediation

This article uses a public sector case study and a review of the social science literature on disputing processes to question assumptions made by labor relations advocates of grievance mediation. The author argues that labor policy on alternative grievance resolution processes cannot be adequately made without consideration of the specific labor-management relationship within its social context. A model is proposed to assist parties considering grievance mediation by making the social context more explicit.     

The Rise and Demise of Defined Benefit Pension Plans

The Defined Benefit Pension Plan (DBPP), once regarded as the gold standard of traditional corporate pension plans, has fallen upon hard times. Corporate sponsors regard the plans as financial drains, fountains of bad publicity, and targets for heavy-handed government regulation. Employees covered by the plans fear they will not deliver on the promises employers made to provide financial security after retirement. Legislative fixes for the system have hastened, not slowed down, the exodus of employers from DBPP. The authors of this paper agree that DBPP is, indeed, an endangered species in the private sector, but concur with the criticism that the conventional explanations for it – particularly in the trade literature – tend be self-serving, superficial and not convincing and often incomplete in their analysis. Using Porter’s model of competition to identify the relative strengths and weaknesses of competing influences we endorse the conclusion that the failure of DBPP is one of strategic choice by employers whose power and influence in the global economy is not effectively counter-balanced by labor, or by forces sympathetic to labor. The growing trend towards the Defined Contribution Pension Plan (DCPP) is consonant with employers’ interests but a setback for employees who had to give up the “gold standard” (DBPP). Even the paradoxical effect of ERISA hastening the demise of the pension system it was created to reform is less puzzling when examined in the context of who had influence in drafting the legislation, writing regulations and enforcing the law.     

The union response to employer-initiated drug testing programs

The testing of employees for drugs has become a major workplace issue in the late 1980s. By all accounts, many firms have implemented, or at least considered, some sort of drug screening program. While various experts have debated the importance and necessity of initiating such programs, there has been only limited investigation of the differences between union and nonunion workplaces in how such programs are initiated and administered. This article investigates some questions related to those differences. The first part examines the differences between union and nonunion workplaces and their implementation of drug screening programs. We present differences derived primarily from the fact that nonunion employers are constrained only by constitutional and statutory law in their introduction and implementation of drug screening programs. Unionized employers, on the other hand, are constrained by collective bargaining and the grievance resolution process. The second part of the article examines union responses to employer-initiated drug testing programs. The third part examines arbitration decisions on drug testing provisions in unionized workplaces. We outline the major areas in which arbitrators have rendered decisions, including definitions of behavior that could trigger reasonable suspicion testing and whether the employer has the right to unilaterally institute or expand drug testing programs.     

Labor-management contract negotiations in an electronic meeting room: A case study

We present perhaps the first case study of labor-management contract talks conducted in an electronic meeting room supported by a computer Negotiation Support System (NSS). The organization's union and management representatives spent a total of 57 hours (13 sessions) in the electronic meeting room; their efforts resulted successfully in a contract ratified by both sides. The NSS described comprised three tools from theGroup Systems electronic meeting system and three ad hoc tools. Besides the NSS, three other intervention factors were introduced in tandem with the NSS: new negotiation process techniques, the active involvement of third party mediators, and a unique negotiation setting. The new process techniques were introduced based on the goals of integrative bargaining and the Win-Win techniques. The negotiation process was divided into three distinct stages: strategy, issues, and bargaining.     

股份制劳资利益关系的因素理论与实证分析

随着股份制成为现代社会中最主要的企业组织形式,其劳资利益关系也就相应地成为现代市场经济体系中最重要的利益关系,并呈现产权主体多元化、利益分享化、利益关系复杂化等运行特征。宏观上,影响该种利益关系协调的因素主要包括产权结构、政府调节及工会协调,它们共同决定了劳资双方的利益平衡及其发展态势。通过对股份制企业大量样本数据的实证分析,充分验证了劳动者持股、工会协调、政府调节在股份制劳资利益关系中的影响方式和影响程度。最后,根据实证分析的结论,对股份制企业劳资利益关系的协调提出相应的对策。     

影响私营企业劳资关系冲突和协调的文化因素分析

劳资关系既是经济关系也是文化关系，因此劳资关系不仅要从经济政治方面也要从文化方面把握和调节。我国儒家文化的角色规范、家族管理模式以及传统阶级理论和西方主流经济学思想是影响私营企业劳资冲突的重要文化因素；而我国特殊主义的人际关系网络、重纵轻横的社会纵向等级结构以及独特的单位制度，对私营企业劳资关系的协调方式也产生了深远的影响。