制度距离、投资动机与企业OFDI区位选择——中国对外直接投资“制度风险偏好”的一种解释

由于企业的对外直接投资（OFDI）存在制度适应成本,东道国与母国之间的制度距离会对企业OFDI产生负向影响。基于2003—2015年中国对140个国家和地区OFDI的分析表明：中国企业的OFDI具有明显的市场寻求动机和战略资源寻求动机,其中,市场寻求型OFDI表现出显著的互补效应,战略资源寻求型OFDI表现出一定程度的挤出效应;东道国与中国的制度距离会通过投资动机影响中国企业OFDI的区位选择,即倾向于向制度距离较小的国家和地区进行OFDI,且制度距离会弱化市场寻求型OFDI的互补效应和战略资源寻求型OFDI的挤出效应。站在企业角度来看,中国企业在进行OFDI时并不具有“制度风险偏好”,而是表现出“制度风险规避”特征：选择对其自身发展来讲制度风险较小（制度距离较小）的目标市场进行OFDI。因此,中国应深化市场经济体制改革,提升国内制度质量,加强国际经济合作,并增强企业的制度适应能力,以有效减小制度距离对企业OFDI区位选择的约束,进而优化OFDI区位分布,提高OFDI效益和质量。     

Communicating CSR practices – Role of internationalization of emerging market firms

Emerging markets suffer from institutional voids, and in such resource deficient economies, corporate social responsibility is given scant attention. However, when firms from emerging markets globalize, international stakeholders become suspicious about firms’ products, services, and business practices. Grounded in the liability of emergingness and legitimacy theory and using a sample of 134 manufacturing firms from one emerging market, India, this study explores how firms’ international diversification intent and market-seeking motives influence emerging markets’ firms communication of socially responsible activities as an attempt to eliminate illegitimacy. Furthermore, the study reveals that business group affiliation enhances the influence of internationalization on firms’ communication of socially responsible activities.     

外商投资企业在华收益、经验及启示

改革开放四十多年来,我国成为了全球第二大外资流入国。外资在为我国经济社会发展做出重要贡献的同时,也获得了应得的收益,实现了营收和利润双增长。具体表现为:中国市场是外资企业营收增长的重要来源,各国企业在华营收保持持续增长,中国市场营收占据跨国公司全球重要位置;外商投资在中国获得较高收益率,诸多美欧企业在华投资收益率高于其全球平均水平。与此同时,外资企业在华经营还实现了其战略目标。实践证明,成本寻求型外资在中国获得了低要素成本,市场寻求型外资与中国市场共同成长,创新资产寻求型外资取得在华创新投入产出双增长。     

引致还是挤出：中国OFDI对他国OFDI的影响——以OECD国家对“一带一路”沿线国家直接投资为例

在开放一体的市场经济体系中,一国的对外直接投资（OFDI）必然会对他国的OFDI产生影响。在共建“一带一路”过程中,中国在沿线国家和地区OFDI对其他国家OFDI产生了怎样的影响,现有文献对此研究不多,且主要是分析作用效果及其异质性,影响机制和路径有待进一步的深入探讨。本文认为,中国在“一带一路”沿线国家和地区OFDI有效促进了东道国的经济增长,东道国经济增长产生的规模经济效应、市场扩张效应、技术溢出效应、产业集聚效应等会提高其对外资的需求和吸引力,进而引致其他国家OFDI增长。在此过程中,促进东道国的基础设施完善、产业结构升级以及金融发展是中国OFDI引致其他国家OFDI的重要路径。同时,由于东道国异质性影响到投资国企业OFDI的区位选择,中国OFDI对其他国家OFDI的引致效应在不同的东道国具有差异化表现。采用2008—2020年中国、64个“一带一路”沿线国家和36个OECD国家的非平衡面板数据,运用工具变量法分析发现：（1）中国在“一带一路”沿线国家OFDI不但不会挤出OECD国家的OFDI,还会引致OECD国家的OFDI;（2）中国的OFDI可以通过促进东道国的基础设施完善和产业结构升级引致OECD国家的OFDI,但在样本期间未能通过促进样本东道国的金融发展引致OECD国家的OFDI;（3）中国和样本OECD国家的企业具有较强的资源寻求和市场寻求动机,都倾向于选择在自然资源丰富、收入水平高的国家进行OFDI,因而中国OFDI对OECD国家OFDI的引致效应在自然资源较丰富、收入水平较高的样本东道国中更为显著;（4）中国企业倾向于投资政府效率较低的国家,而OECD国家企业倾向于投资政府效率较高的国家,因而东道国政府效率的不同未导致中国OFDI对OECD国家OFDI引致效应的显著差异。本文探讨了中国在“一带一路”沿线国家OFDI引致OECD国家OFDI的基础设施、产业结构和金融发展路径,并基于企业OFDI的动机分析了东道国异质性,丰富和拓展了中国OFDI与他国OFDI之间关系的研究。本文研究表明,中国OFDI不仅有利于自身的结构调整和产能释放,也会促进东道国的经济发展,并引致其他国家的OFDI,进而实现多方共赢。因此,中国应持续推动“一带一路”建设走深走实,加大直接投资力度,尤其应扩大金融类直接投资规模,积极支持重大基础设施建设和发展相对滞后国家的经济发展,进而吸引更多国家参与到共建“一带一路”中来。     

The impact of bilateral tax treaties: A multi-country analysis of FDI inflows into India

This paper models the role of tax treaties in promoting foreign direct investment (FDI) with the help of panel data for 14 countries for the period 1993–2011. A fixed effects (least squares dummy variable) model is developed that captures macroeconomic factors such as gross domestic product (GDP) and per capita income (PCI) in ratio form of home to host country. It also includes bilateral tax treaties as a determinant of FDI inflow. The results show that GDP is a major determinant that is demand driven and per capita income is a major determinant that is supply driven. FDI openness of the home countries and population are also significant determinants. The introduction of the treaty had a positive impact on FDI inflows into India. We get largely significant and positive results for the ‘age of the treaty effect’, especially, in the case of Germany, Switzerland and Japan. The main contribution of the paper is to show that both presence and ‘age of treaty’ are important determinants of FDI flows to India. Further, fundamentals like GDP and PCI are major variables that influence FDI inflows.     

Strategic alignment and performance of market-seeking MNCs in China

This study explores the environment–strategy–performance relation of foreign firms, especially those with a market-seeking mandate, in China. The results indicate that the Analyzer orientation is best suited to the turbulent Chinese market, which has been undergoing an economic transition in recent years. There is also a significant difference in financial performance among market-seeking MNCs depending on strategic orientations, with the Analyzer orientation producing the highest performance. The Prospector and the Defender orientations lead to poor financial performance because of the mismatch with China's market, which is highly dynamic and complex. Our findings reiterate the importance of understanding local market traits and opportunities and developing proper strategic configurations for market-seeking MNC subsidiaries, especially in an emerging economy like China. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.