Demographic and Economic Pressure on Emigration out of Africa*

Two of the main forces driving European emigration in the late nineteenth century were real wage gaps between sending and receiving regions and demographic booms in the low‐wage sending regions. Our new estimates of net migration for the countries of sub‐Saharan Africa show that exactly the same forces driving African across‐border migration are at work today. The results suggest that rapid growth in the cohort of potential young emigrants, population pressure on the resource base, and slow economic growth are likely to intensify the pressure for migration out of Africa and into high‐wage OECD countries over the next two decades.     

Rural Population Growth, 1950–1990: The Roles of Human Capital, Industry Structure, and Government Policy

Human capital raises rural incomes, but this effect is swamped by higher returns to human capital in urban markets. This leads to "brain drain" from rural areas. Populations grow more rapidly in rural counties that have a diversified employment base. Farm population grows faster (or declines more slowly) in counties with relatively high farm income, and nonfarm populations grow faster in counties with relatively high nonfarm income. However, higher farm incomes lead to slower nonfarm population growth and vice versa. Rural county government services financed by local taxes or debt have neutral or negative effects on population growth.     

Public and Private Education in an Integrated Europe: Studying to Migrate and Teaching to Stay?

This paper investigates public and private choices between internationally applicable and country‐specific education when graduates are mobile. Human capital depends on innate skills and study effort with either type of education. It is shown that national governments provide too few students with internationally applicable education, and too many with country‐specific education. This effect is mitigated, but not entirely eliminated, by the introduction of a graduate tax, according to which graduates are required to pay part of their taxes to the country where they received their education, regardless of residence. However, private educational choices are socially optimal with suitably differentiated tuition fees.     

农村劳动力转移模型:基于中国制度背景的构造

本文在对经典的农村劳动力流动模型进行理论梳理的基础上,引入中国的制度变量,试图构建适合中国制度背景的农村劳动力转移模型,同时,运用经验事实对其作进一步的实证检验,并分析了模型的政策含义。     

Regional Unemployment in Transitional China: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis

The purpose of this paper is to explain the pattern of regional unemployment in transitional China. A model is developed to explore how urban unemployment in the provinces is influenced by peasants' wages, formal sector wages, and the size of the formal sector. Evidence from panel data suggests that a significant indicator of high unemployment rates is greater Urban–Rural Income Inequality within the province. The hypothesis is that the urban–rural income gap produces migration, and more rural migrants substitute for urban workers, causing further urban unemployment.Since the economic reforms began in 1978, the non-state owned enterprises have been carrying an increasing weight in the economy, and they have contributed significantly to the rapid economic growth of China. Empirical evidence shows that economic reforms have reduced unemployment. The provinces that are still heavily dependent on the state sector are therefore more likely to experience higher unemployment.     

数据挖掘对物流园区企业迁移支持

分析了物流园区数据挖掘的重要意义和物流园区协同信息平台的数据来源。利用数据挖掘技术和园区协同信息平台的历史数据,建立基于协同信息平台的数据挖掘模型,为物流企业合理选择物流园区,辅助企业迁移、入驻等协同行为提供决策支持。     

Wage and Mobility Effects of Trade and Migration on the Austrian Labour Market

This study analyses the effect of trade and migration on wages and labour marketmobility. We estimate wage growth equations and a multinomial logit mobilityequation on an individual data set ranging from 1991 to 1994. We find substantialdifferences in the reactions of white and blue-collar workers wages and mobilityto trade and migration. In Austria exports have a positive and imports a negativeimpact on wage growth only for blue-collar workers. Migrants also reduce onlyblue-collar workers wage growth. Our results indicate that higher imports and aninflow of migrants reduce sectoral mobility of all types workers. The risk of beingout of work by contrast is increased by migration and imports only for blue-collarworkers, but reduced by exports for all types of workers. In general our results suggestenlargement of the EU would have only small effects on the Austrian labour market.     

浦东新区迁入人口的分异

浦东新区的极化开发形成了区际迁移和省际迁移两股人口迁入流.由于来源地不同,他们在年龄、受教育程度、行职业、收入和居住等方面形成了分异现象,与此同时,也产生了社区重构、社会极化和社会矛盾等问题.劳动力市场分层响应和城市生态位势空间响应是迁入人口分异的主要响应机理.迁入人口的分异问题会影响浦东新区的社会稳定和发展,因此,必须引起足够重视.     

从顾客价值迁移考察沃尔玛的绿色经营

本文从价值迁移及其一般规律入手,探讨顾客价值迁移对零售商的影响;并从营销组合、购物环境、企业社会责任三个方面对沃尔玛的绿色行动进行了梳理和分析。研究表明,沃尔玛在经营主体、经营客体、经营载体上正在向当前顾客价值迁移(追求环保和绿色)的方向转变;沃尔玛正在从传统零售商向绿色零售商提升,由世界上最大的零售商向世界上最环保的企业发展。     

农民工返乡创业发展规律、制约瓶颈与对策思考——基于湖北省15县67名返乡创业者的纪实调查

返乡创业是农民工对输出地与输入地的投资成本与效益比较后的理性选择。农民工返乡创业主要以中小企业或个体的多行业经营分布为主。农民工返乡“创业潮”形成的两个阶段在兴办企业的资金来源、产业结构和销售渠道等方面差异较大。由于农民工自身素质和条件以及外在环境制约着民工的创业发展,因此应从农民工自身素质的提高和创业环境的优化两方面着手促进农民工返乡创业。