票据无权代理追认制度微探

票据行为是一种法律行为，自然也可以以代理方式为之。民法上有关代理制度的规则一般也都可以适用于票据代理行为。但由于民法与商事法的立法旨趣各有侧重，为促进票据流通、保障交易安全，票据代理不能照搬民法上关于代理制度的规定。票据的无权代理是票据代理中一个非常典型的问题，与民法上的无权代理区别很大，其中存在的问题很多。对于票据的无权代理中是否应当赋予本人以追认权，多数大陆法系国家的立法例与英美法系国家之立法例有所不同。     

Dominance Statistics: A Simulation Study on the d Statistic

Quality &; Quantity - Cliff (1993) has proposed the use of a measure of effect size alternative to traditionalmean differences: δ {? = Pr(xi1 &;gt; xj2) - Pr(xi1 &;lt; xj2)}which,...     

三阶随机占优准则在证券选择中的应用

通常可以用分布函数和分住数函数描述随机占优准则,Man-Chung Ng列举的两个例子说明在三阶随机占优条件下用两种方法得到的结论是不一致的,这与Levy的观点相反。该文分别将这两种方法描述的三阶随机占优准则用于上海证券市场的基金选择,发现用两种方法在应用中得到的结论并不总是一致的。由此验证用Levy提出的分位数方法描述的随机占优准则进行实证研究是不正确的,一阶和二阶条件除外。     

Using technology to improve the management of development impacts on biodiversity

The mitigation hierarchy (MH) is a prominent tool to help businesses achieve no net loss or net gain outcomes for biodiversity. Technological innovations offer benefits for business biodiversity management, yet the range and continued evolution of technologies creates a complex landscape that can be difficult to navigate. Using literature review, online surveys, and semi-structured interviews, we assess technologies that can improve application of the MH. We identify six categories (mobile survey, fixed survey, remote sensing, blockchain, data analysis, and enabling technologies) with high feasibility and/or relevance to (i) aid direct implementation of mitigation measures and (ii) enhance biodiversity surveys and monitoring, which feed into the design of interventions including avoidance and minimization measures. At the interface between development and biodiversity impacts, opportunities lie in businesses investing in technologies, capitalizing on synergies between technology groups, collaborating with conservation organizations to enhance institutional capacity, and developing practical solutions suited for widespread use.     

消费和谐论:面向科学发展观的消费理论

文章从消费系统均衡的角度出发，运用一般均衡原理研究了消费系统实现均衡的和谐机制，探讨了消费者在和谐机制运行中的主导地位，进而分析了消费和谐论与科学发展观的有机统一。最后指出以人为本、协调发展、提高消费在GDP中的比重对于科学发展观和消费和谐论的重要性。     

Playing safe in coordination games:: the roles of risk dominance, payoff dominance, and history of play

This paper presents results from a series of experiments designed to test the impact on subject behavior of changes in the risk dominance and payoff dominance characteristics of two player coordination games. The main finding is that changes in risk dominance significantly affect play of the subjects, whereas changes in the level of payoff dominance do not. Observed history of play also has an important influence on subject behavior, both when subjects are randomly rematched after each game and when they remain matched with the same individual for a sequence of games.     

Characterizations of distributions via linearity of regression of generalized order statistics

Let X (r, n, m, k), 1 r n, denote generalized order statistics based on an absolutely continuous distribution function F. We characterize all distribution functions F for which the following linearity of regression holds E(X(r+l,n,m,k) | X(r,n,m,k))=aX(r,n,m,k)+b.We show that only exponential, Pareto and power distributions satisfy this equation. Using this result one can obtain characterizations of exponential, Pareto and power distributions in terms of sequential order statistics, Pfeifers records and progressive type II censored order statistics. Received July 2001/Revised August 2002     

Chance Constrained Programming Formulations for Stochastic Characterizations of Efficiency and Dominance in DEA

Pareto-Koopmans efficiency in Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is extended to stochastic inputs and outputs via probabilistic input-output vector comparisons in a given empirical production (possibility) set. In contrast to other approaches which have used Chance Constrained Programming formulations in DEA, the emphasis here is on joint chance constraints. An assumption of arbitrary but known probability distributions leads to the P-Model of chance constrained programming. A necessary condition for a DMU to be stochastically efficient and a sufficient condition for a DMU to be non-stochastically efficient are provided. Deterministic equivalents using the zero order decision rules of chance constrained programming and multivariate normal distributions take the form of an extended version of the additive model of DEA. Contacts are also maintained with all of the other presently available deterministic DEA models in the form of easily identified extensions which can be used to formalize the treatment of efficiency when stochastic elements are present.     

Time diversification and security preferences: A stochastic dominance analysis

We use stochastic dominance to test whether investor should prefer riskier securities as the investment horizon lengthens. Return distributions for stocks, bonds, and U.S. Treasury bills are generated for holding periods of one to 25 years by simulation. For each holding period, stochastic dominance tests are run to establish preferences between the alternative security classes. Contrary to previous mean-variance based studies, we find no evidence that high-risk securities (stocks) dominate low-risk securities (bonds, Treasury bills) as the investment horizon lengthens. However, we do find that corporate bonds systematically dominate government bonds.     

基于无景点乡村旅游发展模式探析

基于节假日景区游客过多、传统景点门票价格较高以及游客更加注重追求休闲舒适的旅游环境等现实状况,一种由传统景点旅游衍生的新兴旅游方式——无景点的乡村旅游应运而生。无景点旅游因具有休闲性、选择开放性、大众普及性的特点,而深受资深旅客喜爱。目前,乡村旅游市场环境已初步形成,我国各省均大力发展乡村旅游,且乡村旅游市场投入在旅游开发总投入中所占比重逐年增加。但乡村旅游发展仍存在诸多弊端,如缺少地方乡村特色,商业化色彩明显;基础设施不健全,从业人员素质不高;旅游产品设计单一,缺乏品牌意识;管理不够科学规范,经营格局杂而乱等。为使乡村旅游能够更长远的发展,文章提出挖掘传统地域特色,开发本土乡村文化;统筹规划引导乡村旅游发展,专业培训农户经营者;消除旅游产品同质性,提升旅游档次;借助网络新媒体,宣传推广乡村旅游等对策。