Cost Analysis of Calcium in Store Brand versus National Brand Grocery Products

Objective: This study was to determine if calcium fortification yields a higher price per serving in grocery store products. Researchers compared store brand to national brand grocery products in relation to cost in order to examine if calcium values were similar between store brand and national brand products. Methods: A total of 112 store brand and 211 national brand grocery products were collected from three low (national chain store), middle and high priced (Virginia and North Carolina regional store) grocery venues. Products were compared using price and calcium percentage per serving. ANOVA was used to determine between store brand and national brand for price per serving and calcium content, and between grocery venues. Results: National brand fortified products had a significantly lower mean price per serving when compared to national brand non-fortified products (p = 0.0002). There was no statistical difference between store brand fortified and non-fortified products (p = 0.9256). Low priced store brand products had the lowest mean price per serving ($0.34 ±0.24). Conclusions: This study found store brand products have similar calcium content as national brand products. Product cost was lower at low priced store compared to middle and high priced stores.     

In the city: The John Lewis partnership and planned shopping centres

A defining feature of large-scale retailing during the period 1950–1980 was the emergence and evolution of planned shopping centres. During the 1950s, department stores in the United States were in the vanguard of this phenomenon. In contrast, British department stores continued operating from traditional high street sites, and had limited opportunities for expansion within planned shopping centres until the 1970s. This paper addresses the connection between department store retailing and the development of the planned shopping centre in Britain from the perspective of one enterprise: the John Lewis Partnership. The article demonstrates that the Partnership was willing to operate department stores within centrally located shopping centres, but was circumspect about operating stores in non-centrally located shopping centres.     

Using the Pack‐and‐a‐Half Rule to Eliminate Backroom Inventories in Retail Operations

In the retail industry, backroom inventories are typically associated with higher labor costs and greater operational complexity. Thus, retailers look for ways to eliminate backroom inventories. A heuristic used for this purpose is the pack‐and‐a‐half rule which suggests that the shelf space allocated for a product should be at least 50% larger than the case pack quantity in which the product is delivered. Despite its popularity among retailers, the pack‐and‐a‐half rule has been ignored in the academic literature. We introduce the pack‐and‐a‐half rule, assess its impact on a retailer's profits, identify cost, demand, and product characteristics driving this impact, and propose a modification. Based on an analysis of data obtained from a retailer on 1,986 SKUs in 20 categories, we find that the pack‐and‐a‐half rule decreases a retailer's profits, on average, by 10% when applied uniformly across all SKUs. Further, this decrease is significantly affected by product depth, product width, demand elasticity, case pack quantity, and inventory carrying cost. Finally, we develop a set of modifications based on these variables where the pack‐and‐a‐half rule is applied selectively and in a stepwise fashion. These modifications limit the decrease in a retailer's profits to a range between 6% and 7%.     

零售企业敏捷供应链系统CSS-SCM的研究

供应链核心在于实现供应链环节中的信息沟通，数据互换和协同工作，改造和整合企业的业务流程，因此供应链系统模型应该具有动态可重构的特点，系统主体的构成也应反映这种思想，在系统中引入“大规模定制”，“工作流”的新思想和“异构系统兼容”，“通用报表”以及“三层架构应用体系及开发手段”等新技术将使供应链系统更为“敏捷”。     

集成的零售配送区域划分和运输计划模型研究

零售配送是直接面向广大消费者具有配送对象不断变化特点的配送服务。集成的零售配送区域划分和运输计划模型融合了零售配送生成成本最小路径矩阵、配送区域划分、生成运输计划的全过程。它以GIS道路网数据为基础。以时间为成本，考虑时间窗口约束、道路双向交通、商品混运和运输工具重复调度等因素，自动地生成以线路为基础的运输计划，为配送企业提供了自动化决策的方法。     

发展我国零售业态下的共同配送模式——日本7-11便利店物流革新的启示

日本7-11便利店在物流革新中开创了共同配送的新型配送模式,提高了配送效率,并成为其取得成功的关键因素之一.现阶段有三种典型的共同配送模式：集中配送模式、窗口批发模式、完全统一配送模式.鉴于我国零售业物流配送存在物流成本高、社会成本高、运输的规模不经济等问题,需要大力发展共同配送模式,以提高我国零售业物流配送效率.在我国零售业态下具体实行何种共同配送模式,可依据选择共同配送模式的决策参考模型,并结合具体情况做出决定.     

Selecting Sites for New Facilities Using Data Envelopment Analysis

This paper develops a mathematical programming model for obtaining a best set of sites for planned facilities. The model is concerned with those situations where resource constraints are present. The specific setting for the paper involves the selection of sites for a set of retail outlets, wherein the ratio of aggregate outputs to inputs for the selected set is maximal among all possible sets that could be chosen. At the same time, the model guarantees that the only sets of stores allowable are those for which the available resources are used to the maximum extent possible.     

基于案例的推理技术在连锁便利店订货系统中的应用研究

将基于案例推理应用到连锁便利店订货系统中,充分利用了连锁便利店的消费群明确、信息容易收集的特点,很好地解决了连锁便利店在特殊事件发生下的某些商品的销售量激增与多品种、小批量的频繁订货模式之间的矛盾。     

基于相对竞争力比较的零售企业竞争力评价分析

通过对企业竞争力涵义的分析,构建了零售企业竞争力综合评价指标体系;利用功效系数法和综合评价的方法,通过与同行业其它零售企业竞争力比较和零售企业对自身竞争力评判的方式,建立零售企业的竞争力综合评价模型;使企业能够客观、正确地认识和评价企业自身竞争力,为其进一步提高自己市场竞争力提供科学有效的理论依据。     

城市土地储备量研究——以杭州市为例

1996年以来，土地储备机制在我国各地先后施行，它不仅涉及及土地收购，储备，出让的立法工作，而且还涉及资金流转过程，所以确定合理的土地储备量已迫在眉睫。本文在分析影响土地储备量大小的三大方面诸多因素作用关系基础上，拟定城市土地储备量大小的思路，即在相关因素评判检验的基础上，建立开发项目土地供应量与建成区面积，房地产开发量二元线回归方程，运用SPSS软件推算出土地储备量的大小。