超市进货交易关系法律调整的若干问题探讨——论“零供”关系法律调整

近年来，我国零售商供应商矛盾突出，引起了各方关注。商务部等五部委发布的《零售商供应商公平交易管理办法》，是近年来专门调整零供关系的政府部门规章，在稳定流通秩序方面发挥了一定的作用，但对此也有一些不同观点。为完善零供（买卖）关系的法律规范体系，推进和谐商业环境及商事法治建设，本文对调整零供关系的法律属性，少数零售企业恶意占压、骗取供应商贷款的综合治理，风险预誓机制等相关问题提出了自己的一些见解。     

零售企业自有品牌实施的必要性与可行性

零售企业自有品牌在西方发达国家已有几十年的发展历史了,并取得了很大的成功,在今天终端为王的商业时代,更被视为零售业的未来的发展趋势.零售企业发展自有品牌体现了市场经济条件下"以商导工"的市场本质,彰显了"以顾客为中心"的精神,在为顾客提供更为细致、更为个性化的商品和服务的同时,零售企业也塑造了自己的品牌,提高了知名度和美誉度,凝聚了庞大的中小生产商阵容为其提供品种多样、质量可靠稳定的商品,最终为零售企业自身赢得商业竞争中的诸多战略优势.随着我国市场经济的发展,有越来越多的达到一定规模、享有良好商誉的大型零售企业具备了开发自有品牌的条件,中国本土的大型零售企业实施自有品牌战略正当其时.     

Defensive Strategies of Local Companies Against Foreign Multinationals: Evidence from Chilean Retailers

ABSTRACT

Many retailers have been expanding into foreign markets, although not all such attempts at internationalization have been successful. This study examines the actions taken by Chilean retailers that negatively affected the operations of Home Depot, Carrefour and J.C. Penney in Chile. The results show that the strategies employed by local companies have consisted in: (1) becoming informed about the company's strengths and weaknesses, while imitating its best practices; (2) deepening their own market know-how and hiring high-level executives to lead defensive strategies; (3) opening stores in strategic places in order to win advantages concerning location; and (4) investing in technology and the training of employees. The overall effect on the market has been one of concentration and consolidation of the retail industry.

RESUMEN. Muchos retailers se están expandiendo a mercados extranjeros, sin embargo no todos los intentos de internacionalización son exitosos. Este estudio examina las acciones desarrolladas por retailers chilenos que afectaron negativamente la operación en Chile de Home Depot, Carrefour, y J.C. Penney. Los resultados de esta investigación muestran que las estratégicas empleadas por las empresas locales consistieron en (1) informarse en forma anticipada las fortalezas y debilidades de la empresa extranjera e imitando sus mejores prácticas, (2) fortaleciendo su conocimiento del mercado y contratando ejecutivos fuertes para liderar la estrategia defensiva, (3) apertura de locales en ubicaciones estratégicas para bloquear ventajas de localización, y (4) inversión en tecnología y capitación a los empleados. Los efectos sobre el mercado total fue de mayor concentración y consolidación de la industria.

RESUMO. Muitos varejistas têm expandido seus negócios para mercados estrangeiros, embora nem todas estas tentativas de internacionalização tenham sido bem sucedidas. Este estudo examina as aç[otilde]es implementadas por varejistas chilenos, as quais afetaram negativamente as operaç[otilde]es da Home Depot, Carrefour e J.C. Penney no Chile. Os resultados mostram que as estratégias empregadas pelas companhias locais consistiram em: (1) informar-se sobre os pontos fortes e fracos da companhia, ao mesmo tempo em que replicavam suas melhores práticas; (2) aprofundar o conhecimento a respeito de seu próprio mercado e contratar executivos de alto nível para liderar estratégias defensivas; (3) promover a abertura de lojas em locais estratégicos com o objetivo de conquistar vantagens relativas à localização; e (4) investir em tecnologia e no treinamento de funcionários. O efeito global desses movimentos no mercado tem sido o de promover a concentração e a consolidação da indústria varejista.     

市场力量与市场结构转换——关于规模零售商经营模式转变及其对市场结构影响的分析

在只有生产商与消费者的市场结构中,生产商之间进行垄断竞争,因产品差异每个生产商都有一定的垄断程度;在有规模零售商的市场结构中,规模零售商的零售业务的目标转变为市场占有或销售量最大化,从而展开了规模零售商之间同质商品的纯价格竞争.规模零售商凭借其渠道力量迫使生产商进行价格减让或收取通道费以支持其价格战.这样由于规模零售商的介入,生产商与消费者之间的价格关系或市场关系发生了变化,消费者能够购买价格更低的商品.     

浅议《零售商供应商公平交易管理办法》的症结

零售商与供应商的关系是当前最为重要的商业关系之一,在零供关系日趋紧张的情况下,维护和谐的零供关系是稳定商业秩序的当务之急。2006年《零售商供应商公平交易管理办法》旨在构建和谐的零供关系,但因其自身症结导致该规定未能很好地发挥作用。在零强供弱市场格局下,零售商与供应商之间的合作关系缺乏自觉的自我克制,正常的零供关系需要法律和政府的约束。     

Sustainable Purchasing in Food Retailing: Interorganizational Relationship Management to Green Product Supply

Stakeholders’ demands for product sustainability redefine the focus of corporate purchasing strategies from the traditional concern with financial performance to considerations of ‘triple bottom line’ viability. This adds to the complexity of managing interorganizational relationships and poses a question regarding corporate ability to effectively leverage suppliers over environmental and social performance of supplied goods. Since it is not clear what type of purchasing relationship is more favorable for greening a product supply, the current paper aims to investigate how food retailers manage their relationships with suppliers in order to influence the environmental and social performance of procured goods and improve the availability of sustainably produced supply. The research is based on two case studies of Swedish supermarkets and supplementary semi‐structured interviews with Swedish, British and Danish supermarkets. The results of the study contribute to the existing body of academic knowledge in the field of sustainable supply chain management by developing a typology of sustainable purchasing relationships with detailed insights into the nature of collaborative practices, structure of incentives, sustainability ambition, and approaches to verification of compliance. The study has also revealed the dependence of sustainable purchasing relationships on the characteristics of the procurement context, namely the presence of well‐established sustainability certification schemes, perceived by purchaser's situation with availability of sustainability certified supply and purchaser's interpretation of the state of power dependence in relationships with suppliers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment     

大型零售商主导购物中心零售业态双边市场运行机理

购物中心零售业态是传统的具有双边市场特征的交易平台。大型零售商通过整体租赁购物中心零售业态进行选址开店的模式,可以看作是双边市场中基于零售商一体化双边市场交易平台的行为。一体化结构下,大型零售商不仅成功实现零售业态的进一步拓展,本身也由单纯从事商品销售的零售商转变为具有双边市场特征的平台企业。作为平台企业,其运作机制遵循双边市场的经营特征,主要表现在倾斜定价机制和平台多产品组合竞争。但其核心竞争力依然来源于自身经营商品的竞争优势。     

公平关切下闭环供应链差别定价决策

针对零售商和第三方回收商具有公平关切的情形,研究由制造商主导的三级供应链成员及整个系统的差别定价最优决策。分析了零售商以及第三方回收商公平中性和公平关切两种情形的决策模型。研究发现:零售商以及第三方回收商的公平关切行为最终会造成各自利润的损失,并且对整条供应链利润也是不利的,而这样的公平关切行为对制造商来说却是有利的。同时当公平关切程度较弱时,对整条闭环供应链系统是不利的;而当公平关切程度较强时,对整条闭环供应链系统是有利的。     

传统零售药店双渠道销售策略研究——基于消费者问卷调查

传统零售药店近年来保持了扩张趋势,但是面对越来越激烈的线上渠道销售压力,零售药店线上渠道拓展存在严重滞后问题。文章基于207份消费者问卷调查,发现目前购药主流方式是双渠道或者线下实体店。消费者对大型零售药店的满意度普遍正面。消费者对线上购药价值感知和双渠道融合感知会正面影响线上购药意愿,年龄越大,线上购药意愿越低。最后根据实证研究结果,提出对策建议。     

基于零售专业技能转移视角的外资零售企业在华战略比较研究

以沃尔玛、家乐福、麦德龙、TESCO乐购、欧尚和卜蜂莲花这六家外资零售企业为例,从零售专业技能转移的视角分析了外资零售企业在华的物流运作模式、区位布局战略、赢利模式、进入模式、店铺营销模式和业态模式,揭示了外资零售企业在华战略的一般规律,这对于外资零售企业在华发展,对于中国本土零售企业未来的国际化发展与当前国内市场的跨区域扩张都有着借鉴的价值。