高瓦斯无双巷前进式采煤探讨

高瓦斯前进式采煤有效地解决了高瓦斯工作面上转角瓦斯易积聚问题,降低了矿井掘进率,缓解了衰老矿井采煤工作面的接续紧张的状况,可实现煤岩分运,减少煤炭损失。     

排水造林对泥炭沼泽湿地碳循环的影响概述泥炭沼泽湿地碳循环的影响概述

湿地仅占全球陆地表面很小的一部分,却是全球陆地生态系统的碳汇,在全球碳循环中发挥着重要的作用。湿地排水后,地表水位下降,湿地土壤有氧层增加,CO2排放速率增加,CH4排放速率减少,进而影响湿地生态系统的碳汇功能。综述了当前国内外有关湿地排水对土壤CO2和CH4温室气体和土壤有机碳储量影响的研究进展,研究表明：森林湿地选择适当择伐可能有利于减缓大气温室气体（CO2和CH4）的排放。这将为我国基层林业局湿地恢复和碳管理,以及湿地经营提供参考价值。     

Marginal abatement costs of greenhouse gas emissions from European agriculture, cost effectiveness, and the EU non-ETS burden sharing agreement

We propose a quantitative assessment of the marginal abatement costs (MAC) of greenhouse gas emissions from European agriculture and analyze the implications of the non-ETS burden-sharing agreement (BSA) for this sector. This assessment is based on MAC reduced forms, the generic specification of which enables simple parameterization and numerical computations. Such MAC curves are parameterized for each Member State using the outputs of a detailed model of the European agricultural supply. They are then used to compute total and marginal abatement costs involved by the BSA targets, as well as the cost-effective effort sharing, the corresponding emission price and abatement costs. The main findings are: (i) flexibility mechanisms such as a cap-and-trade system for agricultural emissions could reduce the total costs of meeting the 10% EU abatement target by a factor two to three relative to the strict implementation of each country's target, (ii) the corresponding equilibrium emission price is found to be 32-42 €/tCO₂eq depending on the assumption regarding business-as-usual emissions, and (iii) a cap-and-trade system with allowances based on the BSA targets would involve substantial transfers from EU-15 countries to New Member States, an important share of which being made of ‘hot air’.     

对新疆霍城县农村沼气建设的思考

农村沼气建设是社会主义新农村建设的重要内容,是广大农民群众的迫切要求。本文以新疆霍城县为例,介绍了该县沼气建设的基本情况和经验,分析了沼气建设中存在的问题,提出应从搞好宣传、增加资金投入、完善农村沼气技术服务体系、提高沼气的综合利用程度等方面采取措施,以加快农村沼气建设步伐。     

植物根际及土壤有机碳含量和温度对湿地甲烷产生潜力的影响

在全球气候变化的大背景下,湿地甲烷的产生和排放的研究引起广泛关注。以闽江口3种沼泽湿地土壤为研究对象,通过室内厌氧培养实验测定了距植株不同距离的湿地表层土壤的甲烷产生潜力值,研究了不同土壤有机质含量和培养温度对甲烷产生潜力的影响。结果表明：①芦苇和互花米草湿地近根际土壤甲烷产生潜力显著高于远根际土壤,而且根系越发达,相关性越大;②经过相关性分析,土壤有机碳含量和培养温度与甲烷产生潜力呈显著正相关,而且温度越高影响越显著。     

Where are the best opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the food system (including the food chain)? A comment

In a recent paper Garnett (2011) examines the greenhouse gas emissions arising from the global food system. This paper builds on Garnett’s contribution by considering how high levels of food waste contribute to the food chain’s greenhouse emissions and how they can be reduced, something Garnett generally overlooks. The emissions that arise from food waste represent the emissions embedded in the production of food that is then wasted and the emissions that arise from the process of waste disposal. Food waste can also be split into pre-consumer and consumer waste. These distinctions give rise to four categories of food waste related emissions: pre-consumer embedded, pre-consumer waste disposal, consumer embedded and consumer waste disposal emissions. The levels of food waste in each category differ between economies, as do the causes of wastage. Policies to address food waste and the associated emissions need to promote a mixture of technological and behavioural change and be tailored to the economic, cultural and technological conditions in each country.     

试析加快广东沼气建设

本文通过典型调查，分析了广东沼气发展及其对沼气，沼液与沼渣的综合利用情况与所取得的生态经济效益，总结了影响广东沼气建设的主要因素，并提出了广东沼气发展的对策。     

Incorporating methane into ecological footprint analysis: A case study of Ireland

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) accounting is important to global ecological footprint analysis. However methane (CH₄), with a global warming potential (GWP) 25 times that of CO₂, should not be neglected as an environmental indicator for informed environmental management. While this is a significant component, the CH₄ associated with imported embodied energy should also be included in national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories. This study proposes an initial method for incorporating methane into ecological footprint analyses and hopes to inform future debate on its inclusion. In order to account for differences in methane intensities from exporting countries, methane intensities for OECD countries were calculated using emission and energy consumption estimates taken directly from National Inventory Reports (NIR), published in conjunction with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). For other countries the methane intensities were estimated using energy balances published by the International Energy Association (IEA) and IPCC default emission factors. In order to estimate embodied organic methane, material imports and exports were translated into units (such as live animals) capable of conversion into methane emissions. A significant increase in Ireland's footprint results from the inclusion of the GWP of methane is included within the footprint calculation.     

Increasing agricultural productivity while reducing greenhouse gas emissions in sub‐Saharan Africa: myth or reality?

The motivation for this study stems from two major concerns that are interlinked. The first is the decades long food insecurity crisis faced by sub‐Saharan African (SSA) countries which is still prevalent. The second is the negative impact greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture may have on future food production and which is likely to worsen the food insecurity problem. The conundrum SSA farmers face is how to increase food output through productivity growth while minimizing GHG emissions. To measure changes in productivity growth and GHG emissions, this study evaluates the agricultural performance of 18 SSA countries by utilizing the Malmquist–Luenberger index to incorporate good and bad outputs for the years 1980–2012. The empirical evidence demonstrates that productivity is overestimated when bad outputs are not considered in the production model. The analysis provides a better understanding of the effectiveness of previous mitigation methods and which informs an appropriate course of action needed to achieve the twin objectives of increasing agriculture productivity while reducing GHG emissions.     

Mitigation potential and costs for global agricultural greenhouse gas emissions1

Agricultural activities are a substantial contributor to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, accounting for about 58% of the world's anthropogenic non‐carbon dioxide GHG emissions and 14% of all anthropogenic GHG emissions, and agriculture is often viewed as a potential source of relatively low‐cost emissions reductions. We estimate the costs of GHG mitigation for 36 world agricultural regions for the 2000–2020 period, taking into account net GHG reductions, yield effects, livestock productivity effects, commodity prices, labor requirements, and capital costs where appropriate. For croplands and rice cultivation, we use biophysical, process‐based models (DAYCENT and DNDC) to capture the net GHG and yield effects of baseline and mitigation scenarios for different world regions. For the livestock sector, we use information from the literature on key mitigation options and apply the mitigation options to emission baselines compiled by EPA.