A landscape approach for assessing the biodiversity value of indigenous forest remnants: Case study of the Manawatu/Wanganui region of New Zealand

To halt the decline of biodiversity in New Zealand, the government has formulated a strategy of maintaining and restoring a full range of remaining natural habitats to a healthy functioning state. Many indigenous forest remnants exist on private land, and these could be utilised to increase biodiversity. Resources for conservation of forest remnants are limited, so they must be used wisely to deliver the greatest possible biodiversity gain. This paper presents a rapid method for valuing the biodiversity of a region's indigenous forest remnants to help prioritise conservation resources. The region is divided into environmentally distinct areas called land environments. A detailed land-cover map is derived from satellite imagery and used to estimate the proportion of natural habitats remaining in each land environment; from this the biodiversity value of any forest remnant may be calculated. The method is rapid and does not require detailed biodiversity information. When combined with conservation costs, it may be used to create a priority list of forest remnants for conservation. The Manawatu/Wanganui region of New Zealand is used as a case study to demonstrate the method.     

广义转型视角下的制度移植——日本明治维新与俄罗斯休克疗法的比较研究

从广义上来说,转型是从一个社会成熟状态向另一个社会成熟状态的转变。通过移植先进国家的制度来推动制度变迁是实现转型的一种重要方式。在历史上,制度移植既有成功的经验,也有失败的教训。通过对日本明治维新和俄罗斯休克疗法的比较,文章认为,成功的制度移植需要注重对慢动制度的诱导。而教育、示范、学习乃至奖惩等方式在诱导慢动制度变革方面可以发挥重要的作用,从而为制度移植的成功提供保障。在此基础上,文章进一步分析了俄罗斯转型的发生机理和绩效。     

唐山大地震后重建与恢复的反思:城市规划视角的启示

中国唐山震后重建的案例,显示了计划经济时期的集中动员和举国支援下,迅速进行震后重建的社会主义国家经验。灾后援助,特别是重建是中国政府抵抗自然灾害最重视的环节,也是通常在灾害发生之后采取的应对措施。本文在唐山地震三十后,从城市规划视角对震后唐山恢复进行再审视,对传统的防灾减灾策略进行反思和总结,从而为当代中国城市安全建设提供借鉴和启示。发生在1976年的7.8级唐山大地震,震前完全没有任何防灾准备措施,造成了24万人死亡的巨大损失。震后虽然面临着数据和资料缺失的困境,在中央政府的直接干预和指挥下,地方党、政、军等力量的全面介入并提供了及时有效的灾后紧急响应措施。唐山震后规划虽然确定了"易地建设、分散发展"的重建规划思路,然而在迅速安置的要求下,后续建设还是不免落入原地重建的方式。在住房恢复方面,采取了"统一建设、统一分配"的模式,然而盲目提高建筑标准造成了时间和财力浪费,也引发了重建进度的拖延。在公共住房供给滞后的同时,大规模简易住房的兴建也给未来城市发展埋下了二次改造的隐患。唐山震后恢复的积极作用在于,为中国建筑防灾法规的完善和广泛推行提供了契机,也为八、九十年代制订和修编抗震标准积累了第一手资料。然而,这种"举倾国之力,助一城之建"的一腔热情进行城市物质空间重建与重置的带有特定时期的特点,当代中国城市防灾减灾更应从长远视角出发,促进城市经济、环境和社会的可持续发展。     

城市河流景观规划设计研究现状分析

随着我国城市化进程的快速推进,工农业的快速发展以及人口急剧膨胀,城市的河流污染严重,生态系统遭到严重破坏。本文对国内外城市河流景观规划设计研究的发展历程进行总结,并着眼于城市河流健康评价研究、城市河流景观规划理论研究、重大河流治理项目实践、城市河流景观规划中生态修复设计等几个方面归纳;提出国内城市河流景观规划设计研究中存在的问题和未来研究的可行方向,以期推动国内对城市河流生态环境的关注和多角度的纵向深入研究,同时也是对国内众多河流景观规划设计项目或河流生态治理工程起到借鉴与指导作用。     

桂林会仙喀斯特湿地资源现状与保护恢复

摸清了会仙喀斯特湿地资源现状,分析了会仙喀斯特湿地保护与恢复存在的问题,提出了湿地保护恢复的主要技术思路、目标以及湿地保护恢复工程的主要内容与关键技术措施,以期为会仙喀斯特国家湿地公园的建设提供指导与帮助。     

Exploring welfare implications of resource equivalency analysis in natural resource damage assessments

Resource equivalency analysis (REA) has become the dominant method for calculating natural resource damages for biological injuries from pollution incidents. This methodology compares resources lost as a result of an incident to benefits that can be gained from a habitat or wildlife restoration project. Compensation is evaluated in terms of resource services instead of market currency. Recently, this approach has been questioned regarding its ability to provide adequate compensation based on economic welfare principles. The following paper examines these critiques and develops a model to quantify the welfare implications of using REA when some of its implicit assumptions are violated.We focus on the situation where compensatory restoration projects provide services that are comparable to those lost as a result of an incident. We examine simulation scenarios where the public has heterogeneous preferences for resources and where resource values change over time. Using the Hicks-Kaldor criterion, we find that the traditional REA provides an acceptable approximation of aggregate compensation for a reasonably wide range of economic and biological parameter combinations.     

长春北湖国家湿地公园湿地特征及修复策略

长春北湖国家湿地公园作为功能复合的城市湿地公园,是以保护湿地生态系统、注重生态修复、合理利用湿地资源为基石。阐述了湿地公园概况,分析了湿地资源类型、面积及其成因和演替过程,以及湿地存在的主要问题,提出了湿地的修复策略。     

电刷镀在模具修复中的应用

电刷镀是利用电化学沉积的新型电镀方法，可显著提高模具的性能和使用寿命。为此介绍了其工作原理和工艺过程，并给出了在模具修复中应用的实例和运用效果。     

公民有效参与灾后恢复重建:以汶川震后恢复重建为例——兼及托马斯"有效决策模型"的应用

灾后恢复重建工作法治化、民主化是《汶川地震灾后恢复重建条例》的一个亮点,也是中国自然灾害后恢复重建模式彻底转变的标志。公民参与有利于提高灾后恢复重建效率,有利于提升公众的满意度,有利于对政府工作的监督,还有利于灾后社会秩序的恢复与发展。必须立足现实,探索有效的公民参与机制,避免非制度化无序的公民参与所带来的消极影响,建构一个政府与社会良性互动的合作机制,调动一切力量实现灾后恢复重建的目标。     

Use of system dynamics modelling in design of an environmental restoration banking institution

This paper describes a system dynamics model developed to inform design of a proposed environmental restoration banking system. The purpose of the proposed system is to facilitate restoration of extensive areas of mangrove forests that have been cleared or damaged in large part by expansion of the commercial shrimp farming industry. A case study is developed for mangrove restoration in Thailand; however, the model is seen as applicable to a number of countries which have experienced severe mangrove loss. The scheme is based on environmental mitigation banking principles, in which users of an environmental resource are required to purchase from a mitigation bank credits representing restorations undertaken to compensate for environmental damage, thereby achieving “no net loss” of the environmental asset. The scheme proposed in this paper differs from usual mitigation banking practise in that the objective is to restore large degraded areas over and above present rates of consumption. Model simulations show that the restoration banking system may be effective in restoring coastal mangroves and in rehabilitating the coastal shrimp farming industry that is dependent on environmental services provided by the mangrove stock.